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Biology > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made of?

A

heart, blood vessels and blood

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2
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

the right side of the heart accepts the deoxygenated blood returning from the body and moves it to the lungs by the way of pulmonary arteries

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3
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

the left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by the way of the pulmonary veins and forces it out to the body through the aorta

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4
Q

What are atria?

A

thin-walled structures where blood is received from either the venae cavae or the pulmonary veins

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5
Q

What is the venae cavae?

A

a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart

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6
Q

What are the pulmonary veins?

A

oxygenated blood entering the left heart

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7
Q

What are ventricles?

A

the chambers of the heart that pump blood into pulmonary and systemic circulation

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8
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

valves that separate the atrias from ventricles

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9
Q

What are semilunar valves?

A

valves that separate ventricles from the vasculature

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10
Q

What is the tricuspid valve?

A

valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle; has three leaflets

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11
Q

What is the bicuspid/mitral valve?

A

valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle; has two leaflets

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12
Q

What is the pulmonary valve?

A

a valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary circulation

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13
Q

What passage does the blood take through the heart and body?

A

Right Atrium —> Tricuspid Valve –> Right Ventricle —> Pulmonary Valve —> Pulmonary Artery —> Lungs —> Pulmonary Veins —> Left Atrium —> Mitral Valve —> Left Ventricle —> Aortic Valve —> Aorta —> Arteries —> Arterioles —> Capillaries —> Venules —> Veins —> Venae Cavae —> repeat

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14
Q

What is the pathway for electrical conduction?

A

SA Node —> AV node —> Bundle of His —> purkinje fiber

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15
Q

What does the SA node do and where is it?

A

Located in the right atrium; causes the atria to contract simultaneously which helps force the blood into the ventricles

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16
Q

What does the AV node do and where is it?

A

Located between atria and ventricle; this is where the signal is delayed here to allow the ventricles to fill

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17
Q

What does the Purkinje fibers do?

A

distributes the electrical signal through the ventricular muscle

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18
Q

What is the human heart rate?

A

60-100 beat per minute

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19
Q

What does systole mean? ignore this one

A

contraction

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20
Q

What does systole mean?

A

contraction and closure of the AV valves occurs and the blood is pumped out of the ventricles

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21
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

ventricles are relaxed, semilunar valves are closed and blood from the atria fills the ventricles

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22
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute

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23
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A 
CO = HR x SV
CO = cardiac output
HR = heart rate (beat per minute)
SV = stroke volume (volume of blood pumped per beat)
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24
Q

What are the major types of vessels?

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

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25
Q

What do arteries do?

A

they move blood away from the heart

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26
Q

What is the largest artery?

A

the aorta

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27
Q

What are arterioles?

A

the vessels taking blood away from the heart that are smaller and in the tissue

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28
Q

What are capillaries?

A

very small vessels that perfuse into tissue and bring it oxygenated blood and take away the used blood

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29
Q

What are capillaries?

A

vessels with a single endothelial cell layer and are so small red blood cells can only go one at a time; thin wall allows for easy diffusion of gases, etc

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30
Q

What are venules?

A

small vessels that take deoxygenated blood back to the heart and connect capillaries to veins

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31
Q

What are veins and what do they do?

A

take deoxygenated blood BACK to the heart; thin-walled, inelastic vessels

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32
Q

What do endothelial cells do?

A

release chemicals that help with vasodilation and vasoconstriction; allow white blood cells to pass through and into tissue to help with inflammatory response

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33
Q

What do endothelial cells do?

A

release chemicals that help with vasodilation and vasoconstriction; allow white blood cells to pass through and into tissue to help with inflammatory response; help with blood clots

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34
Q

Which has more smooth muscle? arteries or veins?

A

arteries

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35
Q

What are arterioles?

A

smaller muscular arteries

36
Q

What makes umbilical arteries and pulmonary arteries unique?

A

they are the only ones that carry deoxygenated blood

37
Q

Which holds more blood volume? arteries of veins

A

veins

38
Q

What are two mechanisms that help veins move blood upwards?

A

(1) Valves that open to let blood up but close when it tries to go down
(2) Skeletal muscle that surrounds the veins contracts, squeezing blood upwards

39
Q

Superior vena cava vs Inferior vena cava

A

Superior returns blood to portions of the body above the heart while inferior goes below

40
Q

What are portal systems?

A

systems in which blood will have to flow through two capillary beds before going back into circulation

41
Q

What is the heptic portal system?

A

blood leaves capillary beds in the walls of the gut passes through the hepatic portal vein before reaching the capillary beds in the liver

42
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

blood leaving capillary walls in the hypothalamus travels to capillary bed in the anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion of releasing hormones

43
Q

What is the renal portal system?

A

blood leaving the glomerulus travels through an efferent ateriole before surrounding the nephron in a capillary network called the vasa recta

44
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

55% liquid and 45% cells

45
Q

What is plasma?

A

the liquid portion of blood, an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones and blood proteins

46
Q

What are three major types of blood cells?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

47
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

aka red blood cells; designed for specialized transport of oxygen. Red blood cells have 250 million molecules of hemoglobin, which binds four oxygen each

48
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

a measure of how much of the blood sample contains red blood cells

49
Q

What is a normal hemoglobin value for males and females?

A

13.5/17.5 g/dL males; 12.0/16.0 g/dL females

50
Q

What is a normal hematocrit value for males and females?

A

41-53% males; 36-46% females

51
Q

What are two tings that make erythrocytes unique?

A

(1) biconcave - indented on both sides with increases surface area and helps travel
(2) Loss organelles, like mitochondria, when they mature - so they do not use up the oxygen they are carrying and only use glycolysis

52
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

aka white blood cells; less than 1% of blood volume

53
Q

What are the five types of leukocytes and the two categories they come in?

A

(1) Granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

(2) Agranulocytes - lymphocytes and monocytes

54
Q

What do granulocytes do?

A

they release toxic compounds from the granules; they are active in inflammatory responses, allergies, pus formation and destruction of bacteria and parasites

55
Q

What are lymphocytes jobs?

A

to attack specific pathogens and retain a memory bank of those pathogens

56
Q

What are the types of lympocytes and where did they come from?

A

B-cells - matured in the bone marrow

T-cells - matured in the thymus

57
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

phagocytize foreign material

58
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

aka platelets; cell fragments/shards released from cells in bone marrow known as megakaryocytes that assist with blood clotting

59
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

production of blood cells and platelets

60
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

secreted by the kidney and stimulates mainly red blood cell development

61
Q

What is thrombopoietin?

A

secreted by the liver and kidney and stimulates mainly platelet development

62
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a surface protein/target to which to immune system can react

63
Q

What are the two major antigen families for blood groups?

A

ABO antigens and Rh factors

64
Q

How does the ABO system work?

A

A,B, and O are three different allele types. A and B are considered dominant. If the allele is on both or one of the chromosomes, then it will be Type A or Type B. If the A allele is on one chromosome and B on another, it’s AB. The O is recessive so to be Type O you need to be homozygous.

65
Q

Who are universal donors?

A

Type O

66
Q

Who are universal recipients?

A

Type AB

67
Q

What is the Rh factor?

A

a surface protein expressed on red blood cells

68
Q

What is erythroplastosis fetalis?

A

when the mother and fetus have different Rh factors and the mother produces antibodies during her first pregnancy against the fetus Rh factor. If the second child is also different, there will now be antibodies ready to attack it

69
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

measure of the force per unit area exerted on the wall of the blood vessels

70
Q

What device measures blood pressure?

A

sphygmomanometer

71
Q

Blood pressure is ______ over _______.

A

systolic (ventricular contraction) / diastolic (ventricular relaxation)

72
Q

What is the equation for cardiac pressure?

A 
deltaP = CO x TPR
deltaP = pressure differential across the circulation
CO = cardiac output
TPR = total peripheral (vascular) resistance
73
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

specialized neurons that detect changes in the mechanical forces on the walls of the vessel

74
Q

Contraction of blood vessels caused the blood pressure to _______.

A

increase

75
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

a protein composed of four cooperative subunits, each of which has a prosthetic heme group that binds to an oxygen molecule

76
Q

What is oxygen saturation?

A

percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen; healthy is around 97%

77
Q

How is carbon dioxide broken down and excreted?

A

(1) CO2 enters a red blood cell
(2) Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes reaction between CO2 and H2O to form carbonic acid
(3) Carbonic acid dissociates into a proton and bicarbonate anion
(4) These dissolve into the blood stream and exhaled through the lungs
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

78
Q

What is a Bohr effect?

A

Too much CO2 production will create a lot of H+ ions. These can bind to hemoglobin and reduces the affinity to oxygen. Shifts curse to the right.

79
Q

Fetal hemoglobin has a ________ affinity to oxygen than adult hemoglobin.

A

higher

80
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

force per unit area that the blood exerts against the vessel walls; pushes water out of bloodstream, through walls and into the interstitium

81
Q

What is osmotic/oncotic pressure?

A

“sucking” pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into the bloodstream from the interstitium

82
Q

What are Starling forces?

A

the balance of the opposing hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

83
Q

What is edema?

A

accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitium

84
Q

What are blood clots?

A

composed of both coagulation factors (proteins) and platelets, and they prevent (or minimize) blood loss

85
Q

A coagulation cascade ends with ______ forms ______. This converts ______ into ______.

A

Prothrombin; thrombin; fibrinogen; fibrin

86
Q

What breaks blood clots down?

A

plasmin generated by plasminogen

87
Q

What starts the coagulation cascade?

A

exposure of collagen and tissue factor to platelets and coagulation factors

Biology (15 decks)

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