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Biology > The Anatomy of the Digestive System > Flashcards

The Anatomy of the Digestive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is intracellular digestion?

A

involves the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids for energy

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2
Q

What is extracellular digestion?

A

the process by which nutrients (like glucose and fatty acids) are obtained from food

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3
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

runs from the mouth to the anus and is sectioned by sphincters

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4
Q

What are sphincters?

A

circular smooth muscles around the canal that can contract to allow compartmentalization of function

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5
Q

What is digestion?

A

involves the breakdown of food into its constituent organic molecules; starches and other carbohydrates into monosaccharides, lipids into free fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins into amino acids.

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6
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

the physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particle, but not breaking chemical bonds

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7
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

the enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds, such as the peptide bonds of proteins or the glycosidic bonds of starches.

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8
Q

What is absorption?

A

involves the transport of products of digestion from the digestive tract into the circulatory system for distribution to the body’s tissues and cells

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9
Q

What is the pathway of food from the mouth to the anus?

A

mouth —> pharynx —> esophagus —> stomach —> small intestine —> large intestine —> rectum

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10
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

100 million neurons that are present in the GI tract and govern the function of the GI system

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11
Q

What hormones stimulate thirst?

A

ADH and aldosterone

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12
Q

What hormones trigger hunger?

A

glucagon and ghrelin

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13
Q

What hormones stimulate satiety?

A

leptin and cholecystokinin

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14
Q

What enzymes are in salvia?

A

salivary amylase and lipase

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15
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

ptyalin; capable of hydrolyzing starch into smaller sugars (maltose and dextrins)

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16
Q

What is lipase?

A

catalyzes hydrolysis of lipids

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17
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx - behind the nasal cavity
oropharynx - at the back of the mouth
laryngopharynx - above the vocal cords

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18
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach; top third is made of skeletal muscle, bottom third of smooth and middle is a mix

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19
Q

What is another word for vomiting?

A

emesis

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20
Q

What is the stomach?

A

highly muscular organ with a two liter capacity and located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity; thick mucosa to protect from the hydrochloric acid and enzymes

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21
Q

What are divisions of the stomach?

A

Fundas and body - contain gastric glands

Antrum and pylorus - pyloric glands

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22
Q

What is the lining of the stomach called?

A

rugae

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23
Q

What are gastric glands?

A

respond to signals from the vagus nerve of the PNS which is activated by sight, taste and smell; contain mucous cells, chief cells and parietal cells

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24
Q

What do mucous cells do?

A

produce bicarbonate-rich mucus that protects the stomach walls

25
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

secrete pepsinogen

26
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

secrete hydrogen ions that cleave pepsinogen into pepsin and intrinsic factors (glycoprotein involved in absorption of B12)

27
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

digests proteins by cleaving peptide bonds near aromatic amino acids, resulting in short peptide fragments

28
Q

What is gastric juice?

A

a combination of secretions from the other two cell types in the gastric glands

29
Q

What is gastrin?

A

a peptide hormone that induces parietal cells in the stomach to secrete more HCl and signals the stomach to contract

30
Q

What do pyloric glands do?

A

contain G cells which secrete gastrin

31
Q

What is chyme?

A

an acidic, semifluid mixture of food due to digestion

32
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

33
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

the place where majority of chemical digestion happens in the small intestine; releases brush-border enzymes, enteropeptisase, secretion and cholecystokinin

34
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

the entrance between the stomach and duodenum

35
Q

What are brush-border enzymes?

A

present on the luminal surface of the duodenum and break down dimers and trimers of biomolecules into absorbable monomers

36
Q

What is bile?

A

bile is a complex fluid composed of bile salts, pigments and cholesterol

37
Q

What are pancreatic juices?

A

complex mixture of several enzymes in a bicarbonate-rich alkaline solution

38
Q

What are accessory organs of digestion?

A

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

39
Q

What are the two functions of the pancreas?

A

(1) releasing insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

(2) releasing exocrine hormones

40
Q

What are acinar cells?

A

exocrine cells that produce pancreatic juices and make up with bulk of the pancreas

41
Q

What are three biomolecules the pancreas secretes?

A

(1) Pancreatic amylase
(2) Pancreatic Lipase
(3) Pancreatic peptidases (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and carboxypeptidases A and B)

42
Q

Where to pancreatic products go?

A

the duodenum

43
Q

What are the major/minor duodenal papillae?

A

they empty the acinar cell ducts from the pancreas into the duodenum

44
Q

What is the liver?

A

located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and helps process and synthesis nutrients, production of urea, detoxification of chemicals, production of bile and synthesis of albumin and clotting factors, stores fats and glucose

45
Q

What are bile ducts?

A

pathways where bile produced in the liver can be connected to the gallbladder and the duodenum of the small intestine

46
Q

What is albumin?

A

a protein that maintains plasma oncotic pressure and also serves as a carrier for many drugs and hormones

47
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

located just beneath the liver and both stores and concentrates bile

48
Q

What are villi?

A

small, fingerlike projections from the epithelial lining in the small intestine; each contain microvilli

49
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

a lymphatic channel that takes up fats for transport into the lymphatic system

50
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E and K

51
Q

What is the large intestine and its three parts?

A

last part of the GI tract and involved in water absorption; cecum, colon and rectum

52
Q

What is the cecum?

A

outpocketing that accepts fluid exiting the small intestine through the ileocecal valve and is the site of attachment of the appendix (large intestine)

53
Q

What is the colon?

A

divided into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid; main function is to absorb water and salts from the undigested material left over from the small intestine; forms feces

54
Q

What is the rectum?

A

the storage site for feces

55
Q

What are six things the stomach secretes?

A
  1. HCl
  2. Pepsinogen
  3. Mucus
  4. Bicarbonate
  5. Water
  6. Intrinsic factor
56
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

secrete HCl in response to gastrin, histamine and acetylcholine

57
Q

What pH are gastric enzymes most active at?

A

2-3 pH

58
Q

Where do normal glut flora colonize?

A

cecum in the large intestine

Biology (15 decks)

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