The Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What comprises bones and how do they relate to structures like the arm across various species such as whales, cats, and bats?

Answer 1

Question 2

Can you discuss the main functions of the skeletal system and whether bones are living structures?

Answer 2

Question 3

How might a 1-2% monthly bone loss affect astronauts during long space missions?

Answer 3

Question 4

Can you define and explain the roles of osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts?

Answer 4

Question 5

What is the function of osteoblasts in bone cells and how is bone remodeling initiated? Can you elaborate on calcium’s role in bone health and osteoporosis?

Answer 5

Question 6

What are some alternative dietary sources of calcium and Vitamin D apart from milk?

Answer 6

For calcium: leafy greens, almonds, legumes

For vitamin D: sunlight, fatty fish, egg yolk

Question 7

What is osteoporosis, its prevalence and seriousness, and how does Vitamin D play a role in it?

Answer 7

Question 8

How can low Vitamin D levels exacerbate osteoporosis, even with normal blood calcium levels?

Answer 8

Question 9

How do parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol regulate blood calcium levels?

Answer 9

Question 10

What are the components of skeletal muscle and muscle cells?

Answer 10

Question 11

How do muscles contract?

Answer 11

Question 12

What are the roles of sodium and calcium ions?

Answer 12

Question 13

What are the roles of actin and myosin?

Answer 13

Question 14

What causes rigor mortis?

Answer 14

Question 15

What is a neuromuscular junction and how does it transduce signals from nerves to muscles?

Answer 15

Question 16

How does botox work?

Answer 16

Question 17

How do muscles respond in the short-term and long-term to exercise at the cellular and molecular levels? What structural changes occur over time in muscles after aerobic and anaerobic exercise?

Answer 17

Question 18

How do muscles generate energy to power their movement? How quickly do the different methods work? What is summation?

Answer 18

Question 19

Anatomy of muscle fiber

Answer 19

Question 20

Different strategies for ATP in muscles

Answer 20

• CP: very short term, muscle cells can use some atp to add a phosphate group to creatine, which creates CP, so that muscles are ready to use it when needed
• Glycolysis: it is a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm that use energy stored in carbs from the blood or from muscle reserves to generate atp
• its a set of fast chemical reactions that dont require oxygen and produces 2 atp molecules per glucose molecule used
• Aerobic Respiration: his is a more extensive set of chemical reactions that require participation of the mitochondrion.
• they require oxygen as well, which is much slower than CP or glycolysis
• however, it provides an advantage in that it more effectively harnesses the stored energy in nutrient molecules to produce 30 plus atp molecules. It can sustain for hours!