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Biol 2 final > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

goal of sex

A

spreading alleles around

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2
Q

vulva

A

external female genetalia organs (labia minora, labia majora, mons pubis

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3
Q

Vestibule

A

urithral and vaginal openings

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4
Q

ovaries

A

the controller– produces and releases female gametes and sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

gametes

A

haploid cells which only have one set of chromosomes and are formed by meiosis

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6
Q

oogenesis

A

when the body is ready to reproduce the eggs which mature one by one

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7
Q

menstral cycle

A

what happens in the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg

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8
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

what drives the menstration process

maturation of the follicle and egg

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9
Q

how does birth control work

A

the combination pill disrupts the cycle by simulating estrogen and progesterone after ovulation, tricking the body into thinking that it already occured

fsh and LH are constantly suppressed

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10
Q

what is the sperm made up of

A

tail, mitochondria, DNA

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11
Q

what is the scrotum

A

gametes and testosterone

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12
Q

what do sertoli cells do

A

a type of specialized cells found within the seminiferous tubules of the testes in males. They play a role in the process of spermatogenesis, which is the production of sperm cells.

Support and nourishment: Sertoli cells provide physical support and nourishment to developing sperm cells.

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13
Q

Testes

A

also known as testicles, are the main structures made up of various components responsible for sperm production. They are located within the scrotum and are responsible for producing sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis.

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14
Q

Sperm

A

Sperm cells are the reproductive cells produced within the testes. They undergo maturation within the epididymis, a coiled tube connected to the testes, located within the scrotum. Sperm cells are eventually transported out of the scrotum through the vas deferens during ejaculation.

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15
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

The seminiferous tubules are tiny, coiled tubes within the testes where spermatogenesis takes place. These tubules contain Sertoli cells, which provide support and nourishment to developing sperm cells.

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16
Q

Epididymis

A

The epididymis is a long, coiled tube located on the posterior side of each testis within the scrotum. It serves as a storage and maturation site for sperm cells. Sperm produced in the testes move into the epididymis, where they gain the ability to swim and fertilize an egg.

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17
Q

hormonal casecade

A

same as in females, with the GnRH stimulating the FSH and LH. FSH triggers cells to release ABP which binds to testosterone which triggers sperm production

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18
Q

path of sperm

A

Testes: Sperm production begins within the seminiferous tubules of the testes, which are located in the scrotum. Immature sperm cells called spermatocytes undergo several stages of development, eventually maturing into spermatozoa (sperm cells).

Epididymis: After maturation, the sperm cells move from the seminiferous tubules into a tightly coiled tube called the epididymis, which is located on the posterior side of each testis. In the epididymis, the sperm cells gain motility and the ability to fertilize an egg. They are stored within the epididymis until ejaculation.

Vas Deferens: During sexual arousal, rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle in the epididymis and vas deferens propel sperm cells into the vas deferens (also known as the ductus deferens). The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis towards the urethra.

Ejaculatory Duct: The vas deferens continues to travel upward, where it joins with the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. The seminal vesicles are glandular structures that produce a significant portion of the seminal fluid, which provides nourishment and mobility to sperm cells.

Prostate Gland: The ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate gland, a walnut-sized gland located below the bladder. The prostate gland secretes additional fluids that mix with the sperm and seminal fluid, forming semen.

Urethra: The ejaculatory duct empties into the urethra, a tube that runs through the penis. During ejaculation, the rhythmic contractions of the muscles surrounding the urethra propel semen, which includes sperm, out of the body through the urethral opening at the tip of the penis.

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19
Q

Seminal vesticles

A

create semen which carries the sperm, helps counteract the acidity of the female reproductive system

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20
Q

How does the penis become erect

A

3 layers of erectile tissue, full of vascular spaces which fill with blood, which makes it hard and able to penetrate the vagina

21
Q

Uterus

A

everything in the egg but the chicken

smooth muscle (has a mind of its own)
elastic muscle compartment

lined with tissue enriched with blood vessles

22
Q

where does fertilization happen

A

fallopian tubes

23
Q

how does fertilization happen

A
  1. sperm swim up the reproductive tract
  2. If a woman isnt ovulating, sperm blocks the cervix
  3. single sperm fuses with an egg in the oviduct
  4. change in the layer of extra cellular matrix, which prevents fusion of other sperm
  5. Fertilized egg (zygote) starts to divide as it travels
24
Q

Menstrual cycle days 0-4 and 4-6

A

the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which travels to the pituitary gland where it stimulates production of FSH

Follicle stimulating hormone travels to the ovary and stimulates immature eggs in follicles to mature

Follicles make estrogen

25
Q

Menstral cycle 6-10

A

6-8 pick up of estrogen in the blood stream endometrium is still pretty thin

8-10 follicle is bigger, more estrogen

26
Q

Menstrual cycle 10-13

A

increasing estrogen signal pituitary to start LH – ovulation

27
Q

Menstrual cycle day 14

A

CRITICAL DAY
- FSH and LH rise dramatically, which tells the cells in the pollicle to break and release the egg
- LH increases temperature

28
Q

Menstrual cycle 15-24

A
  • hormomes signal cervix to thicken the mucus to thin for sperm
  • left over follicle produce the corpus leudum which produces progesterone and estrogen
  • progesterone prevents the release of other eggs, and inhibits FSH and LH so that another egg doesnt get started
29
Q

menstrual cycle 24-28

A
  • here fertilization happens or doesnt, if not the corpus leudum dies and the estrogen and progesterone lower
  • low progesterone signals the brain to make GnRH which starts the process again
30
Q

What is menopause

A

ovaries lose their sensitivity to FSH and LH

31
Q

Birthcontrol

A

makes the brain not produce another egg because its synthetic progesterone that keeps the brain from releasing FSH and LH, estrogen is kept high

32
Q

How does invitro fertilization work

A
  • It mimics the design of sexual reproduction
  • They inject FSH to overstimulate ovaries to produce multiple eggs which are retrieved before ovulation
  • in a petri dish they are fertilized by the sperm
  • Injected back into the overies
33
Q

why do people use IVF

A
  • same sex couples
  • bad sperm
  • if overies are bad, then a surrogate can be used
    40% high success rates
  • genetic testing, diminished costs and delayed child birth options
34
Q

where are sminiferous tubes found

A

testes

35
Q

what organs produce seamen

A

testes and prostates

36
Q

what hormone is produced by the ovaries to get the uturus ready for pregnancy

A

progesterone

37
Q

how is the egg maintained in its first few days

A

corpus leutum which produces progesterone and estrogen

once implanted, the placenta takes over production

38
Q

stages of the egg

A
  1. oocyte– after egg has finished meiosis
  2. zygote and diploid cell – has 46 pairs
39
Q

Fundamentals of female organs

A
40
Q

Fundamentals of male organs

A
41
Q

A hormonal dance ensues in male fertility - what specific roles do hormones play here? Continuing along the timeline, how do these hormones regulate the various events during the menstrual cycle, and could we visualize these interactions on a concept map?

A
42
Q

A hormonal dance ensues in female fertility - what specific roles do hormones play here? Continuing along the timeline, how do these hormones regulate the various events during the menstrual cycle, and could we visualize these interactions on a concept map?

A
43
Q

What prompts the completion of meiosis II in an oocyte, causing its transformation into an ovum?

A

Fertilization → leads to cytokinesis

44
Q

Which cells in the male system function similarly to the female follicle cells?

A

Sertoli cells: a type of specialized cells found within the seminiferous tubules of the testes in males. They play a role in the process of spermatogenesis, which is the production of sperm cells. They provide support and nourishment to the growing sperm

45
Q

How do the seminal vesicles contribute to the success of sperm outside of the body?

A

Counteracts acidic environment of vagina

Produce and secrete semen

46
Q

What structures does a sperm travel through before it can reach an egg?

A
47
Q

Delving deeper into birth control, how do various methods work, and how does emergency contraception function?

A
48
Q

What are the measures of effectiveness for emergency contraception?

A

It is measured through pregnancy rate and time sensitivity

Plan B is time sensitive, and so is the combination pill

49
Q

Transitioning to the stages after fertilization, what occurs during pregnancy, and what roles do hormones play in this process?

A

Biol 2 final (9 decks)

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