The musculoskeletal system Flashcards
What are tendons vs ligaments?
Associated connective tissue (tendons) attach muscle to bone or muscle to muscle
Associated connective tissue (ligaments) attach bone to bone. They give stability to joints, holding them in place which prevents dislocation.
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Protects and supports vital organs and body posture
Enables locomotion
Stores calcium and participate in Ca homeostasis
Site of haematopiosis which develops RBCs.
Identify the main differences between cartilage and bone in terms of structure, function and location
Bones are tough, inflexible. Protect organs and support the body.
Cartilage= flexible and elastic. They cushion bones against impact which keeps joints in motion
Bones form the appendicular and axial skeleton, but cartilage is found at joints, growth plates and other sites.
Identify the main differences between cartilage and bone in terms of blood supply, calcium salt levels, growth direction
Bones have a rich blood supply. Cartilage has no blood vessels, nutrients are obtained via diffusion.
Bones have rich Ca salt deposits. Cartilages may or may not have Ca deposits.
Bone growth is bi-directional, cartilage is unidirectional.
Bone Marrow is present in bones, absent in cartilages
Describe and label the bones of the skull
The superior part of the ethmoid bone makes up the nasal cavity. The ethmoid and vomer form the bony bit of our nasal septum
Describe the viscerocranium. Identify the highlighted images
The viscerocranium includes the facial skeleton and the mandible (or jaw)
Draw and describe joints
Cartilage and sinovial fluid cushions the joints and prevents bones rubbing to allow easy, comfortable movements.
Describe and label the bones of the upper arm
This is part of the axial skeleton
Describe and label the bones of the lower limb
This is the appendicular skeleton
Label the bones of the skull
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How can the cranium be divided?
The skull/cranium can be divided into neurocranium and viscerocranium.
The neurocranium consists of: cranial roof (calvarium/skull cap/cranial vault) and a Cranial base
Describe and label the bones of the axial skeleton.
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Describe and label the bones of the appendicular skeleton
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State the function of muscles
Used for:
Joint stability
Blood circulation
Respiration
Digestion
Temperature regulation
Vision
Organ protection
James Buckley really doesn’t try voice projection
(how I remember this)
What are the ways to classify and describe muscles?
Shape, number of heads (proximal attachments), orientation of fibres, their microstructure, their action, their position in the body
Describe the structure of skeletal muscle
The widest diameter of the contracting muscle is the belly. It’s wrapped in a layer of epimysium.
In the cross-section of the muscle belly, thin layers of perimysium separate the muscle into fascicles.
Each fascicle consists of a bundle of muscle fibers.
Describe the structure of a skeletal myocyte- incl the sarcolemma and sarcoplasm
Myocytes are long, multi nucleated. The plasma membrane of a myocyte is the sarcolemma.
The sarcolemma makes T tubules. The sarcoplasm has SR (stores Ca)
The sarcoplasm has myofibrils. Each myofibril=sarcomeres from actin and myosin.
What are the types of pennate muscles?
Unipennate runs along the tendon. Parallel muscles DONT run along the tendon, they have tendons on either ends
Describe and explain parallel, convergent, circular fusiform and non fusiform muscles.
Parallel muscles: fascicles are arranged along the longitudinal axis
Convergent muscle fibres arise from multiple points and converge at a single point.
Circular/sphincteral surround a body opening, and constricts it during contraction.
Fusiform muscles have a thick belly that’s tapered at both ends. eg the biceps brachii.
Non fusiform don’t get tapered at both ends
Can we name muscles according to their actions?
The principal contracting muscle involved in an action is the agonist.
To lift a cup, the biceps brachii is the prime mover/agonist. It can be assisted by the brachialis, the asynergist in this action.
The antagonist is the triceps brachii, at the back of the arm because it relaxes/lengthens.
Explain the terms origin and insertion.
Origin= The skeletal muscle is attached to a bone that remains immobile during an action (usually closer to the midline of our body).
Insertion= The skeletal muscle is attached to a bone that moves during the action.
State the function of tendons and aponeurosis
Tendons anchor muscles to bone. They withstand compression, reserve energy /resist heat
Aponeurosis also attach muscles to bones but they are more delicate and thinner than tendons.
What is a muscle compartment?
Muscles can be divided into muscle compartments, aka areas of muscles that are enclosed by a series of diff connective elastic tissues called fascia.
Function: keep muscles in place and reduce friction.
Give an example of muscle compartments
The thigh has 3 muscle compartments: anterior, medial and posterior. Each compartment has its own arteries, innervation and is responsible for certain movements
