Anatomy of the Head and Neck

Question 1

Thebonesthat contribute to thenasal septumare…

Answer 1

Nasal, maxillary and palatinebones.

Ethmoid and vomerbones. The vomer makes up the inferior portion of our posterior nasal septum

The anterior portion of the nasal septum is made of hyaline cartilage.

Question 2

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Question 3

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Question 4

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Question 5

What is the function of the turbinates/conchae?

Answer 5

The role of the turbinates is to warm and humidifythe air by creating a vortex effect.
The mucous layer of the turbinates filter dust and pollen particles.

The space between the turbinates is the meatus. The conchae comprise most of themucosaltissue of thenose.

Question 6

What are choanae?

Answer 6

choanae (singular choana), AKAposterior nasal apertures or internal nostrils.
Theseare two openings found at the back of the nasal passage between the nasal cavity and the throat

Question 7

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Question 8

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 8

Hay 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses: 2 frontal, 2 maxillary, 2 ethmoid and 2 sphenoid sinuses

Sinuses are empty cavities in the skull that are filled with air. Your sinuses are lined with a mucous membrane covered with cilia. Cilia help the flow of the mucus and the trapping and removal of unwanted particles. The sinuses are all connected to the nasal cavity.

Question 9

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Question 10

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Question 11

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Question 12

What is the main function of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 12

They are evolutionary residuals with a previous function that is now lost.
They currently have a minor role in trapping unwanted particles and humidifying the air

Question 13

Where do the maxillary, frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses drain?

Answer 13

Maxillary, frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses all drain into the middle meatus, specifically in the semilunar hiatus (groove) through openings called ostia (ostium- singular).

Question 14

Where do the middle and posterior ethmoidal sinuses drain?

Answer 14

The middle ethmoidal air cells drain into the ethmoidal bulla (prominence) of the middle meatus.

The posterior ethmoidalair cells drain into the superior meatus.

Question 15

Where do the sphenoidal sinuses drain?

Answer 15

The sphenoidal sinusesdrain into the spheno-ethmoidal recess, superior to the superior concha.

Question 16

Label this to show connections of sinuses with the nasal cavity​

Answer 16

Question 17

What are the sinuses supplied by?

Answer 17

maxillary sinuses are supplied by branches of the maxillary artery

Frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses are supplied by branches of the ophthalmic artery

Maxillary teeth, maxillary sinuses, and the anterior two-thirds of the nose are innervated by the alveolar branches of the maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve (CNV- arising from the pons)

Question 18

Why are infections of the maxillary sinus common?

Answer 18

Some foreign particles are trapped in the mucus of the sinuses and expelled from the nasal cavity

The maxillary sinuses are the only sinuses that drain superiorly into the nasal cavity via a diagonal canal

So obstruction of these sinuses is quite frequent and mucus+foreign particles remained trapped in the sinuses causing infections

Question 19

Why is the infundibulum easily obstructed?

Answer 19

The infundibulum is easily obstructed because it’s a vertical canal located at the top of the sinuses, so does not favour the exit of the mucus.

Also during sinus infections the mucosal layer gets swollen and inflamed and block this passage, causing mucus and particles to be trapped inside the sinuses

Question 20

What procedure happens when maxillary sinus infections are chronic?

Answer 20

Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: using an endoscope the surgeon removes the uncinate process, the bit of the medial wall of the maxillary sinuses. This enlarges the passage to the nasal cavity.

Before this surgery, surgeons cut directly into the outside of the face, increasing infection risk and recovery time.
Most patients manage sinus surgery pain with oral pain pills. The inside of the nose will be swollen and sore for about two weeks.

Question 21

Describe the divisions of the pharynx.

Answer 21

Question 22

Describe the nasopharynx

Answer 22

Thenasopharynxis found between the nasal choanae (back of nasal cavity) and the soft palate (and C1/C2).
It’s continuous wthe nasal cavity. It conditions inspired air and propagates it into the larynx. This part of the pharynx is lined withrespiratory epithelium.

Question 23

Describe the oropharynx

Answer 23

Theoropharynxis the middle of the pharynx, between the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis.
It contains the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, the lingual tonsils and the palatine tonsils as well as the superior constrictor muscle.
Involved in the voluntary and involuntary phases ofswallowing.

Question 24

Describe the laryngopharynx

Answer 24

Thelaryngopharynxis located between the superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6).
It is continuous inferiorly with theoesophagus. The laryngopharynx contains the middle and inferiorpharyngeal constrictors.

Question 25

What are the 2 main groups of pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 25

longitudinal and circular/constrictor muscles.

The constrictor muscles are three (sup, middle, inferior constrictor) and span from the nasopharynx down to the oesophagus.
They act to constrict the pharynx to deliver a bolus of food into the oesophagus.

Question 26

What are the 3 types of longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 26

stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus

They act to shorten and widen the pharynx and elevate the larynx during swallowing. The salpingopharyngeus also opens the Eustachian tube to equalise the pressure in the middle ear.
The muscles of the pharynx are mostly innervated by thevagus nerve– the only exception being thestylopharyngeus muscle (glossopharyngeal nerve).

Question 27

List differences between the pharynx and larynx

Answer 27