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The Muscular skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main parts of the human skeleton?

A

two divisions:

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

where is the axial skeleton?

A

around the body’s axis

e.g. skull, hyoid, ribs, sternum, vertabrae

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3
Q

where is the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the girdles that connect them to the body axis

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4
Q

main functions of the skeletal system (6)

A

support

protection

leverage movement

mineral homeostasis

blood cell production - heamopoiesis in red blood marrow

fat storage in white bone marrow

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5
Q

diagram of the musculoskeletal system

A
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6
Q

differences in male and female skeletal structure and what it allows for?

A

males have heavier bones - relates to muscle size and stength

females pelvis is wider and shallower - allows for birth

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7
Q

types of bones (4)

A

long bone

short bone

flat bone

irregular bone

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8
Q

long bone examples

A

femur, humerus, tibia, radius

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9
Q

short bone examples

A

phalanges, teeth, carpals, tarsals

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10
Q

flat bone examples

A

skull bones

sternum

ribs

mandible

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11
Q

irregular bone

A

scapula

vertebral bones

pelvic bones

maxilla

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12
Q

what are the main parts of a long bone (7)

A

articular cartilage

epiphysis

metaphysis

diaphysis

periosteum

medullary cavity

endosteum

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13
Q

Long bone diagram

A
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14
Q

what is articular cartilage made out of?

A

of hyaline cartilage ( a dense connective tissue)

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15
Q

what is epiphysis made of?

A

made of spongy bone (has spaces containing red bone marrow) (a hard connective tissue)

[think ‘e’ for end of bone]

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16
Q

what has metaphysis have on it?

A

has an epiphyseal plate - site of bone growth in children

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17
Q

what is diaphysis made of?

A

made up of compact bone (a hard CT)

(shaft/midsection of the bone)

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18
Q

what is the periosteum on the bone?

A

outer capsule (a dense CT)

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19
Q

what does the medullary cavity contain?

A

white bone marrow (a fatty CT)

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20
Q

What is endosteum?

A

inner capsule of the bone (a dense CT)

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21
Q

what is the anatomic differences: child vs. adult bone?

A

The long bone in a child is divided into four regions: the diaphysis (shaft or primary ossification centre), metaphysis (where the bone flares), physis (or growth plate) and the epiphysis (secondary ossification centre). In the adult, only the metaphysis and diaphysis are present.

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22
Q

Difference in epiphysis in infants?

A

The epiphysis is completely or mostly cartilaginous in infants. Initially it consists of articular cartilage and growth cartilage until these become differentiated by the development of a secondary ossification centre

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of principle bone cells involved in bone growth and remodelling and their functions?

A

osteoclasts - multinucleated cells that destroy the bone matrix

osteoblasts - having osteogenic functions.

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24
Q

main hormones requires for bone growth & metabolism and their functions? (6)

A

growth hormone - increases bone growth (height)

thyroxine (increases bone metabolism)

sex steroids (increase bone growth at puberty (growth spurt) & maintaing bone mass in adults + causes closure of growth plate after puberty)

calcitonin (decrease blood Ca2+ levels)

paratyroid hormone (increase blood Ca2+ levels)

active vitamin D (increases Ca & phosphate absorption in the intestines; also promote bone mineralisation)

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25
what are the two forms of osteogenisis (bone development)?
cartilaginous (endochondrial) bone development fibrous (intramembranous bone development)
26
Cartilaginous (endochondrial) bone development
long, short & irregular bones develop indirectly from rods of hyaline carilage formed from the foetal mesenchyme also responsible for compact bone lengthening
27
fibrous (intramembranous) bone development
flat bones develop directly from the fetal osteogenic mesechyme cells within a fibrous CT (ie. membranous structure) also responsible for compact bone thickening
28
Diagram to show endochonial bone development
29
bone remodelling & repair steps following a fracture remodelling in response to use
remodelling in response to use * reorption by osteoclasts & deposition by osteoblasts
30
bone remodelling & repair steps following a fracture repair steps after a fracture
* fracture haematoma: dead tissue removed & replaced by a procallus (ie. a fibrous CT) * formation of soft callus (ie. fibrocartilage) * conversion of fibrocartilage into a bony callus (ie. spongy bone) * remodeling of spongy (soft) bone into compact bone (i.e. hard bone)
31
4 common typesof fractures
partial vs complete fractures avulsion closed vs open fractures pathological
32
partial fracture
incomplete breack (crack) more common in children
33
complete fracture
bone in two or more pieces
34
avulsion
tearing of bone from itself (due to forceful muscle contraction in sports injuries)
35
closed fracture
(simple) not through skin
36
open (compound) fracture
broken ends break skin
37
pathological fracture
fracture is weakened by disease (e.g. tumours)
38
main factors delayinf healing of a fracture (5 +4)
39
effects of aging on the skeletal system (3 +1)
40
indentify the bones of the cranium (6)
* 1 frontal bone * 2 parietal bones * 2 temporal bones * 1 occiptal bone * 1 sphenoid bone * 1 ethmoid bone
41
fontanelles
area of infants skull where the bones haven't fused together, so there is cartilage inbetween them
42
2 types of fontanelles
anterior fontanelle posterior fontanelle
43
fontanelles function
* allow moulding of head during birth * allow for brain growth before they fuse
44
when do anterior fontanelle fuse?
ossification (formation of bones) fuses by age 12-18 months after birth
45
when do posterior fontanelle fuse?
by age 2-3 months in the uterus
46
anterior skull diagram
47
skull right lateral view diagram
48
skull diagram inferior view manidible removed
49
skull diagram viewed from above in floor of cranium
50
bones of the face (8)
2 zygomatic (cheek) bones 1 maxilla (upper jaw bone) 2 nasal bones 2 lacrimal bones 1 vomer 2 palatine bones 2 inferior conchae 1 mandible (lower jaw bone)
51
diagram of right lateral view of the air sinuses
52
diagram of medial view of sagittal section of the air sinuses in the skull
53
where are the air sinuses located? (4)
splenoid ethmoid maxillary frontal bones
54
adaptations of air sinuses (2)
lined by muco-cilated epithelium all communicate with nasal cavities
55
functions of air sinuses (2)
reduce weight of skull give voice resonance
56
diagram of the thoracic cage
1-7 true (connect directly the sternum) 8-10 false (connected indirectly to the sternum) 11-12 floating ribs (not connected to the sternum)
57
how many vertebral bones in adults vs fetus?
26 bones in adults 33 bones in fetuses
58
right lateral diagram of the vertebral column
59
lumbar vertebra diagram
60
sacrum and coccyx diagram
61
pectoral girdle (shoulder) diagram
62
upper arm diagram
63
lower arm diagram
64
bones in wrist and hand diagram
65
diagram of bones in pelvic (hip) girdle
66
upper leg bones diagram
67
bones in lower leg diagram
68
bones of ankle and foot diagram
69
diagram of two foot arches
70
what are the 3 types of joints found in the body?
synovial (freely movable= diarthrosis) joints cartilaginous (semi-movable = amphiarthrosis) joints fibrous/fixed (non-movable = synarthrosis) joints
71
examples of synovial joints (6)
ball & socket joints e.g. shoulder, pelvic hinge joints e.g. elbow, ankle, wrist pivot joints e.g. between neck & head saddle joints e.g. between carpal & metacarpal of thumb glinding joints e.g. between carpal & tarsal bones condyloid joint e.g. radiocarpal joint
72
examples of cartilagenous joints
intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis, between ribs and sternum, epiphyseal plates
73
examples of finrous/fixed joints
sutures, between diaphysis & epiphysis of long bones, teeth, sacrum, coccyx
74
diagram of synovial joints
75
diagram of cartilaginous joints
76
diagram of fibrous/fixed joints
77
diagram of examples of cartilaginous joints
78
interosseous ligament joints
fibrous joints that are slightly movable
79
diagram examples of interosseous joints
80
what are the main functions of skeletal (striated voluntary) muscles? (3)
produce purposeful body movements stabilise body positions producing heat (thermogenesis)
81
diagram of muscles in the body anterior view
82
diagram of muscles posterior view
83
what are the principle muscles of the upper limbs? (7)
shoulder flexors: deltoids elbow flexors: biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis elbow extensors: triceps forearm pronators: pronator quadratus, pronator teres forearm supinators: supinator wrist flexors: flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris,palmaris longus, flexor digitorum wrist extensors: extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum
84
elbow flexor & extensors muscularsketal diagram
85
wrist flexors and extensors diagram
86
what are the principal muscles of the lower limbs? (7)
hip flexors: iliacus, psoas, sartorius hip extensors: gluteals (gluteus maximus, medius, minimus) hip adductors: adductors (adductor magnus & longus) knee extensors: quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius) knee flexors: hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), sartorius (longest body muscle) plantar flexors: gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitalis longus foot dorsiflexors: tibialis anterior, extensor digitalis longus
87
hip flexor and knee muscular diagram posterior
88
hip flexor and knee extensors anterior
89
plantar flexors diagrams
90
foot dorsiflexors diagram

FCS (8 decks)

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