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FCS > The Muscular skeletal System > Flashcards

The Muscular skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main parts of the human skeleton?

A

two divisions:

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

where is the axial skeleton?

A

around the body’s axis

e.g. skull, hyoid, ribs, sternum, vertabrae

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3
Q

where is the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the girdles that connect them to the body axis

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4
Q

main functions of the skeletal system (6)

A

support

protection

leverage movement

mineral homeostasis

blood cell production - heamopoiesis in red blood marrow

fat storage in white bone marrow

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5
Q

diagram of the musculoskeletal system

A
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6
Q

differences in male and female skeletal structure and what it allows for?

A

males have heavier bones - relates to muscle size and stength

females pelvis is wider and shallower - allows for birth

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7
Q

types of bones (4)

A

long bone

short bone

flat bone

irregular bone

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8
Q

long bone examples

A

femur, humerus, tibia, radius

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9
Q

short bone examples

A

phalanges, teeth, carpals, tarsals

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10
Q

flat bone examples

A

skull bones

sternum

ribs

mandible

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11
Q

irregular bone

A

scapula

vertebral bones

pelvic bones

maxilla

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12
Q

what are the main parts of a long bone (7)

A

articular cartilage

epiphysis

metaphysis

diaphysis

periosteum

medullary cavity

endosteum

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13
Q

Long bone diagram

A
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14
Q

what is articular cartilage made out of?

A

of hyaline cartilage ( a dense connective tissue)

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15
Q

what is epiphysis made of?

A

made of spongy bone (has spaces containing red bone marrow) (a hard connective tissue)

[think ‘e’ for end of bone]

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16
Q

what has metaphysis have on it?

A

has an epiphyseal plate - site of bone growth in children

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17
Q

what is diaphysis made of?

A

made up of compact bone (a hard CT)

(shaft/midsection of the bone)

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18
Q

what is the periosteum on the bone?

A

outer capsule (a dense CT)

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19
Q

what does the medullary cavity contain?

A

white bone marrow (a fatty CT)

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20
Q

What is endosteum?

A

inner capsule of the bone (a dense CT)

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21
Q

what is the anatomic differences: child vs. adult bone?

A

The long bone in a child is divided into four regions: the diaphysis (shaft or primary ossification centre), metaphysis (where the bone flares), physis (or growth plate) and the epiphysis (secondary ossification centre). In the adult, only the metaphysis and diaphysis are present.

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22
Q

Difference in epiphysis in infants?

A

The epiphysis is completely or mostly cartilaginous in infants. Initially it consists of articular cartilage and growth cartilage until these become differentiated by the development of a secondary ossification centre

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of principle bone cells involved in bone growth and remodelling and their functions?

A

osteoclasts - multinucleated cells that destroy the bone matrix

osteoblasts - having osteogenic functions.

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24
Q

main hormones requires for bone growth & metabolism and their functions? (6)

A

growth hormone - increases bone growth (height)

thyroxine (increases bone metabolism)

sex steroids (increase bone growth at puberty (growth spurt) & maintaing bone mass in adults + causes closure of growth plate after puberty)

calcitonin (decrease blood Ca2+ levels)

paratyroid hormone (increase blood Ca2+ levels)

active vitamin D (increases Ca & phosphate absorption in the intestines; also promote bone mineralisation)

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25
Q

what are the two forms of osteogenisis (bone development)?

A

cartilaginous (endochondrial) bone development

fibrous (intramembranous bone development)

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26
Q

Cartilaginous (endochondrial) bone development

A

long, short & irregular bones develop indirectly from rods of hyaline carilage formed from the foetal mesenchyme

also responsible for compact bone lengthening

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27
Q

fibrous (intramembranous) bone development

A

flat bones develop directly from the fetal osteogenic mesechyme cells within a fibrous CT (ie. membranous structure)

also responsible for compact bone thickening

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28
Q

Diagram to show endochonial bone development

A
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29
Q

bone remodelling & repair steps following a fracture

remodelling in response to use

A

remodelling in response to use

  • reorption by osteoclasts & deposition by osteoblasts
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30
Q

bone remodelling & repair steps following a fracture

repair steps after a fracture

A
  • fracture haematoma: dead tissue removed & replaced by a procallus (ie. a fibrous CT)
  • formation of soft callus (ie. fibrocartilage)
  • conversion of fibrocartilage into a bony callus (ie. spongy bone)
  • remodeling of spongy (soft) bone into compact bone (i.e. hard bone)
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31
Q

4 common typesof fractures

A

partial vs complete fractures

avulsion

closed vs open fractures

pathological

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32
Q

partial fracture

A

incomplete breack (crack)

more common in children

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33
Q

complete fracture

A

bone in two or more pieces

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34
Q

avulsion

A

tearing of bone from itself (due to forceful muscle contraction in sports injuries)

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35
Q

closed fracture

A

(simple)

not through skin

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36
Q

open (compound) fracture

A

broken ends break skin

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37
Q

pathological fracture

A

fracture is weakened by disease (e.g. tumours)

38
Q

main factors delayinf healing of a fracture (5 +4)

A
39
Q

effects of aging on the skeletal system (3 +1)

A
40
Q

indentify the bones of the cranium (6)

A
  • 1 frontal bone
  • 2 parietal bones
  • 2 temporal bones
  • 1 occiptal bone
  • 1 sphenoid bone
  • 1 ethmoid bone
41
Q

fontanelles

A

area of infants skull where the bones haven’t fused together, so there is cartilage inbetween them

42
Q

2 types of fontanelles

A

anterior fontanelle

posterior fontanelle

43
Q

fontanelles function

A
  • allow moulding of head during birth
  • allow for brain growth before they fuse
44
Q

when do anterior fontanelle fuse?

A

ossification (formation of bones) fuses by age 12-18 months after birth

45
Q

when do posterior fontanelle fuse?

A

by age 2-3 months in the uterus

46
Q

anterior skull diagram

A
47
Q

skull right lateral view diagram

A
48
Q

skull diagram inferior view manidible removed

A
49
Q

skull diagram viewed from above in floor of cranium

A
50
Q

bones of the face (8)

A

2 zygomatic (cheek) bones

1 maxilla (upper jaw bone)

2 nasal bones

2 lacrimal bones

1 vomer

2 palatine bones

2 inferior conchae

1 mandible (lower jaw bone)

51
Q

diagram of right lateral view of the air sinuses

A
52
Q

diagram of medial view of sagittal section of the air sinuses in the skull

A
53
Q

where are the air sinuses located? (4)

A

splenoid

ethmoid

maxillary

frontal bones

54
Q

adaptations of air sinuses (2)

A

lined by muco-cilated epithelium

all communicate with nasal cavities

55
Q

functions of air sinuses (2)

A

reduce weight of skull

give voice resonance

56
Q

diagram of the thoracic cage

A

1-7 true (connect directly the sternum)

8-10 false (connected indirectly to the sternum)

11-12 floating ribs (not connected to the sternum)

57
Q

how many vertebral bones in adults vs fetus?

A

26 bones in adults

33 bones in fetuses

58
Q

right lateral diagram of the vertebral column

A
59
Q

lumbar vertebra diagram

A
60
Q

sacrum and coccyx diagram

A
61
Q

pectoral girdle (shoulder) diagram

A
62
Q

upper arm diagram

A
63
Q

lower arm diagram

A
64
Q

bones in wrist and hand diagram

A
65
Q

diagram of bones in pelvic (hip) girdle

A
66
Q

upper leg bones diagram

A
67
Q

bones in lower leg diagram

A
68
Q

bones of ankle and foot diagram

A
69
Q

diagram of two foot arches

A
70
Q

what are the 3 types of joints found in the body?

A

synovial (freely movable= diarthrosis) joints

cartilaginous (semi-movable = amphiarthrosis) joints

fibrous/fixed (non-movable = synarthrosis) joints

71
Q

examples of synovial joints (6)

A

ball & socket joints e.g. shoulder, pelvic

hinge joints e.g. elbow, ankle, wrist

pivot joints e.g. between neck & head

saddle joints e.g. between carpal & metacarpal of thumb

glinding joints e.g. between carpal & tarsal bones

condyloid joint e.g. radiocarpal joint

72
Q

examples of cartilagenous joints

A

intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis, between ribs and sternum, epiphyseal plates

73
Q

examples of finrous/fixed joints

A

sutures, between diaphysis & epiphysis of long bones, teeth, sacrum, coccyx

74
Q

diagram of synovial joints

A
75
Q

diagram of cartilaginous joints

A
76
Q

diagram of fibrous/fixed joints

A
77
Q

diagram of examples of cartilaginous joints

A
78
Q

interosseous ligament joints

A

fibrous joints that are slightly movable

79
Q

diagram examples of interosseous joints

A
80
Q

what are the main functions of skeletal (striated voluntary) muscles? (3)

A

produce purposeful body movements

stabilise body positions

producing heat (thermogenesis)

81
Q

diagram of muscles in the body anterior view

A
82
Q

diagram of muscles posterior view

A
83
Q

what are the principle muscles of the upper limbs? (7)

A

shoulder flexors: deltoids

elbow flexors: biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis

elbow extensors: triceps

forearm pronators: pronator quadratus, pronator teres

forearm supinators: supinator

wrist flexors: flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris,palmaris longus, flexor digitorum

wrist extensors: extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum

84
Q

elbow flexor & extensors muscularsketal diagram

A
85
Q

wrist flexors and extensors diagram

A
86
Q

what are the principal muscles of the lower limbs? (7)

A

hip flexors: iliacus, psoas, sartorius

hip extensors: gluteals (gluteus maximus, medius, minimus)

hip adductors: adductors (adductor magnus & longus)

knee extensors: quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)

knee flexors: hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), sartorius (longest body muscle)

plantar flexors: gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitalis longus

foot dorsiflexors: tibialis anterior, extensor digitalis longus

87
Q

hip flexor and knee muscular diagram posterior

A
88
Q

hip flexor and knee extensors anterior

A
89
Q

plantar flexors diagrams

A
90
Q

foot dorsiflexors diagram

A

FCS (8 decks)

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