life chemistry & principle of the pH scale

Question 1

Atom

Answer 1

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

Question 2

element

Answer 2

A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with an identical number of protons

Question 3

molecule

Answer 3

a group of two or more atoms that form the smallest identifiable unit into which a pure substance can be divided and still retain the composition and chemical properties of that substance.

Question 4

electrolyte

Answer 4

A substance that breaks up into ions (particles with electrical charges) when it is dissolved in water or body fluids

Question 5

compound

Answer 5

unique substance that consists of two or more elements combined in fixed proportions

Question 6

main inorganic chemical symbols and fomulae for the main inorganic chemicals found in the body

Answer 6

inorganic means they lack C-H bonds

water - H20

oxygen - O2

Carbon dioxide - CO2

sodium chloride - NaCl2

hydrochloric acid -HCl

Question 7

main organic compounds found in the body

Answer 7

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleotides

Question 8

Carbohydrates

Answer 8

sugar and starches.

contains carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

main carbohydrate is the monosaccharide glucose, which is used during both types of respiration.

functions:

provides energy to fuel cell metabolism

provides an energy storage - eg. glycogen

forms an integral part of the structure of DNA and RNS

acts as receptors on cell surface allowing the cell to recognise other molecules and cells.

Question 9

Glucose (alpha and beta) structure

Answer 9

Question 10

amino acids

Answer 10

always contain hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen and many carry metals in addition. in humans amino acids have a common structure, with an amino group (NH2) a carboxyl group (COOH) and a hydrogen atom. what makes amino acids different from each other is the length of the side chain. Amino acids are the building blocks for protein

Question 11

proteins

Answer 11

made from many amino acids. Proteins are very specific. It helps repair and build your body’s tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions. In addition to providing your body with a structural framework, proteins also maintain proper pH and fluid balance.

Question 12

examples of different proteins (4)

Answer 12

carrier molecules (eg. haemoglobin)

enzymes

many hormones (eg. insulin)

antibodies

Question 13

when can protein be used as an alternative energy source

Answer 13

in starvation

Question 14

protein primary structure

Answer 14

the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein.

Question 15

protein secondary structure

Answer 15

regular, recurring arrangements in space of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain. It is maintained by hydrogen bonds between amide hydrogens and carbonyl oxygens of the peptide backbone. The major secondary structures are α-helices and β-structures.

Question 16

protein tertiary structure

Answer 16

the overall three-dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain in space. It is generally stabilized by outside polar hydrophilic hydrogen and ionic bond interactions, and internal hydrophobic interactions between nonpolar amino acid side chains

Question 17

diagram to show proteins different structures

Answer 17

Question 18

protein quarternary structure

Answer 18

the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement. Each of the subunits has its own primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. The subunits are held together by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between nonpolar side chains.

Question 19

lipids

Answer 19

diverse group of substances consisting of mainly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms (some contain additional elements like nitrogen or phosphorus). common property is being hydrophobic.

Question 20

most important groups of lipids (5)

Answer 20

fats (triglycerides)

phospholipids

certain vitamins

prostaglandins

steroids

Question 21

fats (triglycerides)

Answer 21

stored in adipose tissue as an enrgy source . role is to insulate the body and protect the organs.

Question 22

fat structure

Answer 22

contains 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol can be either saturated (straight chain) of unsaturated (bent chain)

Question 23

phospholipids

Answer 23

form a phospholipid bilayer round the cell surface membrane, providing a water reppellent barrier, separating the cell contents from its environment

Question 24

what certain vitamins are fat soluble?

Answer 24

vitamins A, D, E and K

Question 25

Prostaglandins

Answer 25

a group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness. They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labour

Question 26

Steroids

Answer 26

Play roles in reproduction, absorption, metabolism regulation, and brain activity.

examples include ones produces by the testes and ovaries

cholesterol which stabilises cell membranes.

Question 27

Nucleotides

Answer 27

made from a pentose sugar, a base and a phosphate group. two most common ones are RNA and DNA

Question 28

DNA vs RNA

Answer 28

Question 29

Adenosine triphosphate

Answer 29

an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, condensate dissolution, and chemical synthesis.

ATP is converted into ADP during respiration to release energy.

Question 30

Enzymes

Answer 30

Biological catalyst that speed up reactions. the have active sites that are complementary to their substrates. have optimum pH and temperatures at which the reaction happens quickest.

Question 31

How an enzyme breaks products down

Answer 31

Question 32

Different type of enzyme inhibitors

Answer 32

these affect the rate at which an ezyme produces the end product

Question 33

allosteric site

Answer 33

a site that allows molecules to either activate or inhibit (or turn off) enzyme activity. It’s different than the active site on an enzyme, where substrates bind

Question 34

pH scale

Answer 34

A pH meter is used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. pH is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. A solution containing more H+ ions remains acidic while the solution containing more OH- ions remains alkaline. pH value of solutions ranges from 1 to 14.

Question 35

normal pH of blood

Answer 35

pH between 7.35 and 7.45

Question 36

normal pH of saliva

Answer 36

pH between 5.4 and 7.5

Question 37

normal pH of stomach acid/gastric juice

Answer 37

pH between 1.5 to 3.5

Question 38

normal pH of bile

Answer 38

between pH 6.8 to 8.0

Question 39

normal pH of urine

Answer 39

pH between 4.5 to 8