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FCS > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

The bodily system consisting of the skin, and its associated structures, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands which protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside.

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2
Q

What is the integumentary system influential in? (6)

A 
Appearance 
Physical / chemical protection
Fluid balance 
Vitamin D synthesis
Somatic sensation
Thermoregulation
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3
Q

What is the largest bodily organ?

A

The skin

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4
Q

How many layers does the skin have and what are they?

A

3.
The epidermis
The dermis
The hypodermis

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5
Q

The Epidermis

A

Outer protective layer of the skin
a stratified squamous epithelium made up of 4 [thin skin] or 5 [thick skin] cell layers, without blood supply. Consists of keratinocytes and melanocytes.

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6
Q

The dermis

A

Middle layer containing connective tissue containing blood vessels, glands and nerve endings

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7
Q

The hypodermis

A

Bottom/inside layer contains adipose [fat] tissue. This is the location of storing energy in the form of fat, and also cushions and insulates the body. Acts as an insulator, shock absorber and energy store.

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8
Q

Cells in the epidermis (4)

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

the majority of skin cells, which produce keratin for strength. 90% of the epidermis consists of keratinocytes. These cells mostly offer protection against bacteria, viruses, heat, radiation, and water loss.

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

They produce melanin which contributes to skin colour, and offers [varying degrees] of protection against UV radiation. Hair colour is also determined by the amount of melanin [the higher the level of melanin, the darker the colour].

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11
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Part of the immune system and, predominantly, located around blood vessels. These cells contain Birbeck Granules; and are responsible for capture and process microbial antigens to become functional antigen presenting cells.

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12
Q

Merkel cells

A

Least numerous and located within the deepest layers of the epidermis. Very close to nerve endings that receive the sensation of touch and may be involved in that touch. The cells also contain substances that may act as hormones.

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13
Q

How many layers of the epidermis are there and what are they?

A 
5
Stratum corneum
Stratum Lucidum (Lucid = clear)
Stratum Granulosum (Granules = little grains)
Stratum spinosum (spinos = thorn-like)
Stratum basale (basal = base)
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14
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • 25-30 layers of flattened keratinocytes

* Continually shed and replaced by cells from deeper layers

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15
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

(Lucid = clear)

• Only present on finger tips, palms of the hands and soles of the feet

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16
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

(granules = little grains)
• In middle of dermis
• 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes

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17
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

(Spinos = thorn=like)

• Made of 8-10 layers of many sided keratinocytes that closely fit together

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18
Q

Stratum Basale

A

(basal = base)
• Also called stratum germinativum (germ = sprout)
• Deepest layer of epidermis
• Formed of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes]
- 1 cell thick
- most new-cell production happens here

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19
Q

Thick skin

A

Thick skin is found in areas which deal with pressure [i.e. palms of hands, soles of feet]. The epidermis of thick skin possesses 5 layers Thick skin is hairless. The Stratum Lucidum is the additional layer of cells.

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20
Q

Thin skin

A

Thin skin is located over the remainder of the body. Thin skin is more flexible than thick skin, and is covered in hairs for protection, and for insulation. It has 4 cell layers. Hair grows in different patterns on the body for different people, except for the lips, palms and the feet. The length, color, texture, type, and volume of hair is decided by genetic material and is passed on via heredity from generation to generation.

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21
Q

How many layers are in the dermis and what are they?

A

2
Papillary region
Reticular region

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22
Q

Papillary region

A

Superficial section of the dermis Contains capillaries, corpuscles of touch and free nerve endings

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23
Q

Reticular region

A

Deeper section of dermis Dense, irregular connective tissue with collagen bundles and coarse elastic fibres
Space between fibres contain adipose cells, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sudoriferous [sweat] glands

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24
Q

More on the hypodermis

A

Also referred to as subcutaneous tissue [may be argued as not being a layer of skin].
A loose connective tissue containing abundant adipose tissue [fatty tissues] which assist to insulate the body; this areas also serves as an energy storage area for fat.
This fat provides padding to cushion internal organs as well as muscle and bones, and protects the body from injuries,
It is a good region to examine glands, ducts, blood vessels, and nerves.
An area that can be reduced via cosmetic liposuction [lipoplasty].

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25
Q

How many types of sweat glands are there in the skin and what are they?

A

2
Eccrine glands
Apocrine glands

26
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Glands that secrete a watery fluid responsible for cooling the body [by evaporation]. The most common form of sweat gland. Simple coiled tubes that start in the dermis,extend through a duct, and open into a pore on the surface of your skin.
More abundant than apocrine glands.
Found in : palms, forehead and soles of feet

27
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Located in the axillae and genitalia. These do not assist with thermoregulation. Considered to be responsible for bodily odours, and also considered to be a signal of sexual maturity. Start to develop during puberty, emptying into the hair follicles around armpits and groin. Sweat produced contains fats and proteins, more viscous and yellowish in colour. BO occurs when bacteria on the skins gets hold of this sweat.
Only have about 2000 of these.

28
Q

Modified apocrine sweat glands

A

Modified sweat glands, such as ceruminous glands, resulting in ear wax and mammary glads with secrete milk in lactating people.

29
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Located within the dermis, and produces an oily, white fatty substance known as sebum. Sebaceous glands are connected to hair follicles, with sebum conditioning the hair for protection/nourishment.
The glands are distributed over the entire body with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; they are most abundant on the scalp and face. (Glands are big on face, neck and upper chest.
Sebaceous glands begin to form from embryonic hair follicles during the fourth month of gestation and are large and well-developed at birth. They shrink during childhood but enlarge again with the onset of puberty; the maturation of the glands seems to be dependent on circulating levels of hormones, in particular testosterone.
They do cause pimples: BUT primary goal is to soften and lubricate your skin and help slow water loss from the skin in dry environments

30
Q

The nails

A

A thin plate containing hard keratin [consists of dead skin cells]. Located at the distal ends of digits for protection. Fingernails grow faster than toenails, and will continually grow throughout the lifetime. Fingers nails grow at approximately 0.5mm per week. Nails are keratinous external appendages of the integumentary system.

31
Q

sensory organs

A

Receptors in the skin detect pain, heat, and pressure. Hair follicles also detect hair movement.
The dermis contains a number of nerve endings that are sensitive to temperature and pain.
Encapsulated nerve endings [Pacinian corpuscle] are also present, and respond to pressure and vibration.
These link heavily with the nervous system and are critical within the maintenance of homeostasis.

32
Q

How do we feel?

A

Nerves in the skin terminate in the following structures, each sensitive to certain environmental stimuli.

33
Q

What environmental stimuli are Pacinian [lamellar] Corpuscles sensitive to

A

Vibration / pressure; start and stop

34
Q

What environmental stimuli are Meissner’s corpuscles sensitive to?

A

Light touch

Also known as tactile corpuscles

35
Q

What environmental stimuli are Ruffini’s end organs sensitive to?

A

Stretch and sustained pressure

36
Q

What environmental stimuli are Merkel’s disk sensitive to?

A

Movement, position, edges and shapes

37
Q

Infection prevention

A

Intact skin is first line defence against pathogens- part of the innate immune system, providing a physical and chemical barrier against pathogens.
The integumentary system affords chemical and mechanical factors that are involved in combatting initial assault on body by pathogens that potentially cause disease.
The pH of skin [the ‘acid mantel’] is an acidic physical barrier protecting underlying tissues and structures from abrasions, infections, dehydration, and ultraviolet radiation.

38
Q

What 2 cells carry out skin infection and what do they do?

A

i) . Epidermal Langerhans cells – alert immune system that there are pathogens present
ii) . Macrophages – phagocytose [the eating of the pathogen], including bacteria and viruses

39
Q

Cutaneous circulation (i)

A

The epidermis has no blood supply, although the dermis receives a rich supply of blood [via arterioles].
Arterioles break down to form capillary loops that drain back into the venules.
The dermis and hypodermis have an extensive blood supply and can hold large volumes of blood.
When blood is needed elsewhere in the body, the nervous system can constrict the dermal blood vessels and so shunts the blood to the general circulation making it available to muscles and other organs.

40
Q

Cutaneous circulation (ii)

A

Cutaneous circulation is variable, secondary to thermoregulatory needs of the body.
‘Vasoconstriction’ and ‘vasodilatation’ are the terms used to describe the narrowing and widening of blood vessels that permit regulation of body temperatures.
The amount of blood flowing to the dermis will determine how much heat will be lost from the skin surface and will also affect the skin colour [i.e. flushed, reddened face when hot].
Vasoconstriction occurs when the body is attempting to prevent heat loss [note- this does not increase body temperature]; and vasodilatation occurs when the body needs to cool down.

41
Q

Components of the vascular systems (7)

A 
Aorta
Arteries
Arteriolar (smallest arteries)
Capillaries
Venules (smallest veins)
Veins
Great veins (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava)
42
Q

How much does your skin account for your body weight?

A

3-5kg

43
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls. When blood vessels constrict, blood flow is slowed or blocked. Vasoconstriction may be slight or severe. It may result from disease, drugs, or psychological conditions

44
Q

Vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels as a result of the relaxation of the blood vessel’s muscular walls. Vasodilation is a mechanism to enhance blood flow to areas of the body that are lacking oxygen and/or nutrients

45
Q

What is skin colour affected by

A

The distance of the cellular extension of melanocytes, as this affects the amount of melanin is contained

46
Q

Avascular

A

The epidermis is avascular, meaning all oxygen and nutrients that it’s cells need have to come from the dermis below it.

47
Q

CLGSB (Come lets get sun burnt)

A 
Pneumonic -
C: stratum Corneum
L: stratum Lucidum
G: stratum Granulosum
S: stratum Spinosum
B: stratum Basale
48
Q

How do we get sunburnt?

A

Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight can damage the epidermis, causing elastic fibres to clump up. Getting sunburnt temporarily depresses your immune system as there are immune cells in your epidermis too.
Radiation can alter skin cells’ DNA leading to skin cancer.

49
Q

Hair follicles receptors

A

Hair follicles have receptors too.

This is why you can feel a slight breeze on your skin or through your hair.

50
Q

Integumentary system and extraction of waste

A

Small amounts of nitrogen containing wastes like urea, uric acid and ammonia are disposed through the skin.
However, most is disposed from your urine.

51
Q

Blood storage unit in the skin

A

About 5% of your entire blood volume is retained in your skin at any given time. When you need more blood supplied to your organs (eg. During exercise) the nervous system constricts the dermal blood vessels to squeeze this extra blood supply into circulation.

52
Q

Insensible perspiration

A

Normal amount of sweat release everyday for your body to maintain body temperature. Approximately half a litre. Barely noticeable

53
Q

Sensible perspiration

A

Your body’s sweat on a hot / active day. As much as 12 litres can be produces. Much more noticeable.

54
Q

Cyanosis

A 
Blue skin
May indicate 
-heart failure
-Poor circulation
-severe respiratory issues

Due to blood that’s been depleted of oxygen turns darker in colour and when seen through the tissue of lips or skin it can appear bluish.

55
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow skin
May indicate
-liver disorder

As yellow bile starts to accumulate in the bloodstream

56
Q

Erythema

A 
Red skin
May indicate
-a fever
-inflammation
-allergy

All of these conditions cause blood vessels to expand and more blood to flow to the skin’s surface

57
Q

Vitamin D

A

Lower concentrations of melanin allow people to collect what sunlight is available to manufacture vitamin D. Everyone needs some level of sun to hit our skin to survive.
Bones require vitamin D to keep producing new bone cells
It’s the only vitamin that your body can actually produce on its own.
Skins cell contain a molecules which converts to vitamin D when in contact with UV light. Then Vit. D goes through bloodstream to liver and kidneys where it becomes activated D (calcitriol). This is then circulated to all the bones of your body.

58
Q

What are Skin appendages?

A

Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands

59
Q

How many sudoriferous / sweat glands are there throughout your body?

A

Up to three million

60
Q

Mammary glands

A

Secrete milk in lactating people

FCS (8 decks)

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