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GI > The Mouth and Swallowing > Flashcards

The Mouth and Swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the hard palate in chewing?

A

Acts as an “anvil” to squash food

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2
Q

What ensures the correct passage of food?

A

Soft palate and epiglottis

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3
Q

What is the role of incisors?

A

Like blades, designed to cut off pieces of food

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4
Q

What is the role of cuspids (canines)? Why are they called cuspids?

A

Pointed, spike into foods and tear them

They have a single root

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5
Q

What is the role of premolars (bicuspids)?

A

Have three or four roots

Good at crushing and grinding food, especially as the jaw moves laterally

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6
Q

What three types of mandibular movement does mastication involve?

A

Elevation and depression
Protraction and retraction
Medial and lateral movement

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7
Q

What four muscles are involved in mastication?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral Pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid

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8
Q

What is the temporomandibular joint?

A

Where the mandible and cranium articulate
Allows opening and closing and side to side movements of the jaw
(not just a simple rotation)

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9
Q

How does the mandibular head move in the glenoid fossa when the mouth is opened?

A

Forward translation and rotation (doesn’t remain in the fossa)
Slides forward and backward as mouth opens and closes

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10
Q

Which muscles open the mouth?

A

Lateral Pterygoid

Digastric

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11
Q

Where do the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle attach?

A

The neck of the mandible and parts of the TMJ

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12
Q

How does the lateral pterygoid muscle moves?

A

Fibres run anterior - posterior so contraction pulls the insertion site anteriorly, pulling the TMJ forward and protruding the mandible

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13
Q

What muscles are involved in closing the mouth?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid

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14
Q

Where is the temporalsis muscle?

A

Large muscle originating on lateral skull surface

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15
Q

Which muscles elevate the mandible?

A

Temporalis

Masseter

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16
Q

Which muscle retracts the mandible?

A

Temporalis

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17
Q

What is the main function of the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Side to side movement of the mandible

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18
Q

Where do the muscles of mastication receive their motor and sensory supply?

A

C5

trigeminal nerve

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19
Q

What are the 5 roles of saliva?

A

Lubrication
Cleaning
Taste - serous part dissolves molecules out of food and takes them to tastebuds
Protection - antibacterial enzymes, bicarbonate neutralises acid, calcium ions deposited on teeth to protect them
Digestion - salivary amylase and lingual lipase start the digestive process

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20
Q

What is the composition of saliva?

A

Part serous fluid (watery) and part mucus (thick and slippery)

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21
Q

How is saliva production regulated

A 
Neural control (autonomic)
Parasympathetic (watery) and sympathetic (mucoid) activity both increase secretion
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22
Q

Why does the mouth feel dry when you’re nervous/anxious?

A

Sympathetic drive is high and this stimulates mucoid activity so less serous fluid is in the saliva

23
Q

Where is the parasympathetic control of saliva and what 3 things is it driven by?

A

Salivatory centre in the brain stem

Local stimuli (touch, taste)
Central stimuli (smell, sight of food)
Learned reflex (like Pavlov's dogs)
24
Q

Where does primary salivary secretion occur?

A

In the acinus - specialised glandular cells for secretion

25
Q

How does primary salivary secretion occur?

A

Stimulation causes secretion of mucous/serious fluid, producing an isotonic fluid (NaCL, protein, mucus) which passes along the duct. This is secreted. Isotonic fluid is a similar salt once to interstitial fluid and plasma.

26
Q

What is the second stage of saliva secretion?

A

Isotonic fluid passes along the duct from the aicini toward the mouth, where the salt is reabsorbed and bicarbonate and K+ are secreted, and water follows. This creates a hypotonic fluid (less concentrated than the interstitial fluid) because salt is reabsorbed and water can’t follow because of tight junctions.

27
Q

Why is the flow rate of saliva secretion important?

A

If flow rate is high, fluid will move quickly and be more isotonic in the mouth because there isn’t enough time for reabsorption
If flow rate is slow, more fluid will be processed and too much salt will be reabsorbed = small volume of dilute fluid

28
Q

What are the three main salivary glands and where are they?

A

Parotid - in cheek in front of ear
Sublingual - underneath tongue
Submandibular - inside corner of jaw

29
Q

How does parotid gland secrete into the mouth?

A

Duct passes through the cheek into the mouth (whereas sublingual and submandibular secrete via ducts into the floor of the mouth underneath the roof of the tongue)

30
Q

Which salivary gland is the largest?

A

Parotid

25% of salivary volume

31
Q

What nerve supplies the parotid gland?

A

parasympathetic C9

sympathetic - Glossophayngeal nerve

32
Q

What nerves suppliey the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

parasympathetic CN7

sympathetic - superior cervical ganglion

33
Q

What does the parotid gland produce?

A 
Salivary amylase (break down polysaccharides)
Proline-rich proteins (antibiotic activity)
34
Q

What does the submandibular gland produce?

A

Antibacterial enzymes

Lysozyme

35
Q

What does the sublingual gland produce?

A

Lingual lipase

36
Q

What is ptyalin a-amylase?

A

An alpha amylase

Cuts 1,4 linkages of polysaccharides for initiall digestion

37
Q

Which linkages in polysaccharides causes branches?

A

1,6

38
Q

Which linkages in polysaccharides can alpha-amylases cut?

A

1,4

39
Q

What is the role of lingual lipase?

A

Cleaves outer fatty acids off triglycerides

Optimum pH 4

40
Q

Why can’t lingual lipase work in the stomach?

A

Denatured by pancreatic proteases

41
Q

Where are taste receptors located?

A

Inside taste buds across the bank of the tongue

42
Q

How do salt taste receptors work?

A

Sodium depolarises the membrane, opening calcium channels which further depolarises membrane. Molecules are released that interact with a neuron that takes a ‘salt’ signal to the brain
BASICALLY SODIUM CHANNELS.

43
Q

What are the two types of taste receptors?

A

Salt and Sweet

44
Q

How do sweet taste receptors work?

A

Detect sweet and tigger cascade that causes calcium levels to rise. Depolarises membrane. Releases chemicals to neurone.

45
Q

What are odour receptors in the nose? How do they work?

A

Specialised nerve cells

Odour molecules bind and cause a release of cAMP, which initiates an action potential

46
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the oesophagus? Why is it folded?

A

Stratified squamous

It is folded so there is ‘spare’ incase anything large is swallowed

47
Q

What is the innervation of the oesophagus?

A

Oesophageal plexus

48
Q

What epithelium is the epithelium in the oesophagus similar to?

A

Skin - except there is no keratinisation

49
Q

What is secreted in the oesophagus by glands?

A

Mucus

50
Q

What nervous system mediates swallowing?

A

Parasympathetic system (other than salivary glands)

51
Q

What nervous system decreases GI activity?

A

Sympathetic

52
Q

which nerve controls GI motility and secretion?

A

Vagus (CNX, medulla)

53
Q

What does cephalic mean?

A

Head

So cephalic response - is oral part of GI tract

GI (10 decks)

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