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GI > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions in the body

Costs energy

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Reactions that synthesise new (larger) molecules form precursors

Requires energy

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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones

Releases energy

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4
Q

What is post-absorptive stage of metabolism?

A

maintaining homeostasis between meals

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5
Q

How is ADP transformed to ATP and why?

A

Extra phosphate stuck to ATP

used to drive other reactions by hydrolysing ATP back to ADP

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6
Q

What is phosphocreatine?

A

very short term energy store contained in muscle

When a phosphate is removed, ATP and creatine are releases

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7
Q

What is AMP?/

A

Created from two molecules of ADP, is a marker of a low-energy state
regulates metabolic enzymes allosterically (creates conformational change) - enzymes bind to AMP to enhance their ability to make ATP
ADP + ADP –> ATP + AMP

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8
Q

What powers the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA - so can be powered by amino acids and fatty acids

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9
Q

How can glucose be made from amino acids (proteins)?

A

Amino acids can power the Krebs cycle, and glucose is made from pyruvate entering the krebs cycle

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10
Q

What is carbohydrate loading?

A

Trying to maximise stores of glycogen in the muscles and in the liver

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11
Q

Why can’t erythrocytes (RBCs) carry out metabolism?

A

They lack a nucleus and mitochondria so can’t use the Krebs cycle - no aerobic metabolism

(kind of a good thing because their job is to carry oxygen not use it up)

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12
Q

How do RBCs get energy?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

waste pyruvate and lactate go to the liver for gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

What is the average blood plasma glucose concentration?

A

5-7mM

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14
Q

What do adipocytes store?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

What signals adipocytes to take up glucose?

A

insulin

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16
Q

What signals adipocytes to release free fatty acids and glycerol?

A

glucagon

17
Q

What is glucose converted to in adipocytes when levels are high?

A

triglyceride

18
Q

What is triglyceride metabolised to in adipocytes when glucose?

A

Free fatty acids and glycerol

19
Q

How much of cardiac muscle is mitochondria?

A

up to 40%

20
Q

Which tissue has lost f myoglobin and what is its role?

A

cardiac tissue

high affinity for O2, so stores it and releases it when its required

21
Q

What is the main source of energy for cardiac muscle?

A

fatty acids - feed into the Krebs cycle

but can also use lactate or ketone bodies

22
Q

What is type 1 muscle?

A

slow muscle - skeletal

highly aerobic, lots of mitochondria
adapted to prolonged, modest activity e.g. postural muscles

23
Q

What is type 2B muscle?

A

Fast twitch muscle - skeletal

few mitochondria, little/no myoglobin (so its white)
recruited for severe efforts

24
Q

What is the source of energy for type 1 muscle?

A

fatty acids - feed into Krebs cycle

25
Q

What is the source of energy for type 2B muscle?

A

anaerobic glycolysis, using glucose from glycogen stores

adrenalin allows glucose uptake

26
Q

What is skeletal muscle type 2A?

A

Intermediate muscle
between type 1 and type 2b

contains some mitochondria and some myoglobin
maintains aerobic metabolism as much as possible

27
Q

What is the role of phosphocreatine in muscles?

A

rapid replenishment of ATP

28
Q

Which muscle types contain phosphocreatine?

A

Type 2B and type 2A

fast twitch and intermediate

29
Q

What is the energy source for type 2b muscle fibres?

A

glycogen and phosphocreatine

fatty acids

30
Q

What are the effects of high plasma glucose? (3)

A

osmotic effects - water drawn out into circulation, tissue shrinks

glucose is lots in urine - wasting energy and water

Proteins are glycated and vessels become cross-linked - poor blood supply to limbs, peripheral neuropathy

GI (10 decks)

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