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GI > Intro to metabolism > Flashcards

Intro to metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Which intestine has a greater surface area for absorption? Why?

A

Small intestine

It has villi

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2
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Coordinated smooth muscle contraction that moves a food bolus forwards

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3
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

Circular muscle that normally maintains construction of a natural body passage

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4
Q

What is EAR?

A

estimated average requirement (nutrition)

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5
Q

When are we at an energy balance?

A

When energy intake = energy expenditure

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6
Q

What does energy expenditure depend on?

A

Basal metabolic rate
age, weight, sex
Amount and intensity of physical activity

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7
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Foods that are required in large amounts in the diet e.g. fats, carbohydrates ==

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8
Q

How much protein is required per day?

A

0.75g/kg

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9
Q

Do different proteins all have the same turnover rate?

A

No

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10
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A

In healthy adults, nitrogen intake = nitrogen excretion

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11
Q

What is a negative nitrogen balance?

When does this occur?

A

nitrogen intake < nitrogen excretion

Can occur during fasting/illness when the body is breaking down proteins for energy

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12
Q

What is a positive energy balance and when does it occur?

A

Intake > excretion

During growth/pregnancy when the body is building new tissue

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13
Q

What are the 10 essential amino acids that can’t be synthesised by humans?

A

PVT TIM HALL

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan

Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
Leucine

(except, arginine is only semi-essential - we can make it but we can’t always make enough)

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14
Q

When may other amino acids be required from the diet?

A

During pregnancy

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15
Q

What amino acids are missing in plants?

A

Cysteine, methionine and tryptophan

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16
Q

What are saturated fats and where are they found?

A

No double bonds

Meat and dairy

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17
Q

What are mono-unsaturated fats and where are they found?

A

One double bond

Olives, peanut oil

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18
Q

What are polyunsaturated fats and where are they found?

A

More than one doubl ebond

Corn, sunflower oil

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19
Q

What are trans fats and where are they found?

A

Trans double bonds

Cakes, biscuits, pastry

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20
Q

What can saturated fats be replaced by to decrease risk of CVD?

A

Poly-unsaturated fats

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21
Q

Are trans fats worse than saturated fats?

A

Potentially

Lots of variation on studies

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22
Q

What is the recommended % of daily dietary intake for saturated fats?

A

10%

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23
Q

What is the recommended % of daily dietary intake for monounsaturated fats?

A

12%

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24
Q

What is the recommended % of daily dietary intake for polyunsaturated fats?

A

6%

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25
Q

What is the recommended % of daily dietary intake for trans fats?

A

<2%

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26
Q

What is the recommended % of daily dietary intake for total fats?

A

<35%

30% desirable

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27
Q

What two essential fatty acids can’t be synthesised in the body?

A

Omega 6 and omega 3

28
Q

What is the recommended total carbohydrate intake?

A

50%

29
Q

What is the recommended Non milk extrinsic sugar (added sugar) daily intake?

A

<11%

30
Q

What is the recommended intrinsic and milk sugars and starch daily intake?

A

39%

31
Q

What can high levels of fructose cause?

A

Insulin resistance
type 2 diabetes
metabolic syndrome

32
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

vitamins and minerals

33
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds required for metabolic function that can’t be synthesised in the body
Are either fat soluble or water soluble

34
Q

What are the majority of vitamins converted into?

A

Molecules that act as co-enzymes

EXCEPT VIT A, D, E

35
Q

Which vitamins aren’t converted into co enzymes?

A

A, D, E

remember it from the natasha beddingfield song

36
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

K
A
D
E

37
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic elements which have physiological function, required in varying amounts

38
Q

What is thiamin (B1) required for and what does deficiency cause?

A

Cofactor in decarboxylation reactions e.g. link reaction, Krebs cycle

Muscle weakness, nerve damage

39
Q

What is riboflavin (B2) used for?

A

Involved in metabolic, fats, carbs, proteins

Deficiency is rare

40
Q

What is the role of Niacin (B3)? what does deficiency cause?

A

Constituent of cofactors e.g. NADH

Diarrhoea, depression, death

41
Q

What is the role of Pantothenic acid (B5)? what does deficiency cause?

A

ernest metabolism, fat metabolism

unknown - found in p much all foods

42
Q

What is the role of B6? what does deficiency cause?

A

Protein metabolism, haem synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis

irritability, depression, confusion

43
Q

What is the role of Folic acid (B9)? what does deficiency cause?

A

1-C transfers, particularly in DNA synthesis

neural tube defects e.g. spina bifida

44
Q

What is the role of cobalamin (B12)? what does deficiency cause?

A

methionine synthesis and fatty acid metabolism

anaemia, neurological damage, often caused by AID preventing absorption

45
Q

What is the role of vitamin A? what does deficiency cause?

A

Vision - rod cell synthesis
transcriptional regulator

Blindness
(excess causes birth defects)

46
Q

What is the role of vitamin C? what does deficiency cause?

A

Collagen synthesis
also an antioxidant

Scurvy - weakened collagen

47
Q

What is the role of vitamin D? what does deficiency cause?

A

Bone formation and maintenance
Immune regulation
muscle function
Cell differentiation

Rickets
Osteomalacia

48
Q

What is rickets?

A

Skeletal disorder caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium or phosphate

Weak, soft bones
Skeletal defects
Stunted growth

49
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism, due to lack of vitamins D,, calcium, phosphate

50
Q

What is the role of vitamin E? what does deficiency cause?

A

Anti-oxidant
prevents lipid oxidation in membranes

neurological problems

51
Q

In which patients is vitamin E deficiency often found?

A

Those who have difficulty absorbing fats e.g. CF

52
Q

What is the role of vitamin K? what does deficiency cause?

A

Blood clotting
Bone maintenance

Bleeding

53
Q

What are the 9 key minerals?

A 
Iron
Zinc
Calcium
Magnesium
Fluoride
Potassium
Sodium
Iodine
Phosphate
54
Q

Why are sodium and potassium key minerals?

A

Major electrolytes within cells and in extracellular fluids

55
Q

What is the recommended daily dietary intake of salt?

A

<6g day

56
Q

What are some major sources of salt?

A

Bread
Cereals
Ready meals

57
Q

Give 3 reasons for inadequate intake of nutrients?

A

Food availability
Food choices (cost, convenience, vegan)
Problems with eating (sore mouth, dysphagia, ED)

58
Q

Give 2 reasons for inadequate absorption of nutrients?

A

Problems with fat absorption - affects fat soluble vitamins (K, A, D, E) - CF, coeliac, Chron’s

Pernicious anemia - AID prevents B12 absorption

59
Q

Give 2 reasons for excess loss or increased requirement of nutrients?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy

60
Q

Which four vitamin/mineral deficiencies are most important worldwide?

A

Iron
Vitamin A
Iodine
Zinc

61
Q

What are the symptoms of scurvy?

A 
weakness
gum disease
fatigue
skin haemorrhage
anaeima
62
Q

What is the cause of scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency = weak collagen

63
Q

Who is at particular risk of scurvy?

A

Elderly

Low income population

64
Q

What is pernicious anaemia?

A

Immune cells attack cells in stomach that produce intrinsic factor so Vitamin B12 can’t be taken up - this helps to develop RBCs

65
Q

What binding protein is essential for B12 absorption?

A

Intrinsic factor

66
Q

What are the two major consequences of B12 deficiency?

A

Anaemia

Irreversible nerve damage

67
Q

What are the symptoms of b12 deficiency?

A

Numbness, tingling, incontinence, death

GI (10 decks)

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