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Intro to metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Which intestine has a greater surface area for absorption? Why?

A

Small intestine

It has villi

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2
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Coordinated smooth muscle contraction that moves a food bolus forwards

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3
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

Circular muscle that normally maintains construction of a natural body passage

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4
Q

What is EAR?

A

estimated average requirement (nutrition)

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5
Q

When are we at an energy balance?

A

When energy intake = energy expenditure

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6
Q

What does energy expenditure depend on?

A

Basal metabolic rate
age, weight, sex
Amount and intensity of physical activity

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7
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Foods that are required in large amounts in the diet e.g. fats, carbohydrates ==

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8
Q

How much protein is required per day?

A

0.75g/kg

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9
Q

Do different proteins all have the same turnover rate?

A

No

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10
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A

In healthy adults, nitrogen intake = nitrogen excretion

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11
Q

What is a negative nitrogen balance?

When does this occur?

A

nitrogen intake < nitrogen excretion

Can occur during fasting/illness when the body is breaking down proteins for energy

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12
Q

What is a positive energy balance and when does it occur?

A

Intake > excretion

During growth/pregnancy when the body is building new tissue

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13
Q

What are the 10 essential amino acids that can’t be synthesised by humans?

A

PVT TIM HALL

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan

Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
Leucine

(except, arginine is only semi-essential - we can make it but we can’t always make enough)

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14
Q

When may other amino acids be required from the diet?

A

During pregnancy

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15
Q

What amino acids are missing in plants?

A

Cysteine, methionine and tryptophan

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16
Q

What are saturated fats and where are they found?

A

No double bonds

Meat and dairy

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17
Q

What are mono-unsaturated fats and where are they found?

A

One double bond

Olives, peanut oil

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18
Q

What are polyunsaturated fats and where are they found?

A

More than one doubl ebond

Corn, sunflower oil

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19
Q

What are trans fats and where are they found?

A

Trans double bonds

Cakes, biscuits, pastry

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20
Q

What can saturated fats be replaced by to decrease risk of CVD?

A

Poly-unsaturated fats

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21
Q

Are trans fats worse than saturated fats?

A

Potentially

Lots of variation on studies

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22
Q

What is the recommended % of daily dietary intake for saturated fats?

A

10%

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23
Q

What is the recommended % of daily dietary intake for monounsaturated fats?

A

12%

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24
Q

What is the recommended % of daily dietary intake for polyunsaturated fats?

A

6%

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25
What is the recommended % of daily dietary intake for trans fats?
<2%
26
What is the recommended % of daily dietary intake for total fats?
<35% | 30% desirable
27
What two essential fatty acids can't be synthesised in the body?
Omega 6 and omega 3
28
What is the recommended total carbohydrate intake?
50%
29
What is the recommended Non milk extrinsic sugar (added sugar) daily intake?
<11%
30
What is the recommended intrinsic and milk sugars and starch daily intake?
39%
31
What can high levels of fructose cause?
Insulin resistance type 2 diabetes metabolic syndrome
32
What are micronutrients?
vitamins and minerals
33
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds required for metabolic function that can't be synthesised in the body Are either fat soluble or water soluble
34
What are the majority of vitamins converted into?
Molecules that act as co-enzymes | EXCEPT VIT A, D, E
35
Which vitamins aren't converted into co enzymes?
A, D, E | remember it from the natasha beddingfield song
36
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
K A D E
37
What are minerals?
Inorganic elements which have physiological function, required in varying amounts
38
What is thiamin (B1) required for and what does deficiency cause?
Cofactor in decarboxylation reactions e.g. link reaction, Krebs cycle Muscle weakness, nerve damage
39
What is riboflavin (B2) used for?
Involved in metabolic, fats, carbs, proteins Deficiency is rare
40
What is the role of Niacin (B3)? what does deficiency cause?
Constituent of cofactors e.g. NADH Diarrhoea, depression, death
41
What is the role of Pantothenic acid (B5)? what does deficiency cause?
ernest metabolism, fat metabolism unknown - found in p much all foods
42
What is the role of B6? what does deficiency cause?
Protein metabolism, haem synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis irritability, depression, confusion
43
What is the role of Folic acid (B9)? what does deficiency cause?
1-C transfers, particularly in DNA synthesis neural tube defects e.g. spina bifida
44
What is the role of cobalamin (B12)? what does deficiency cause?
methionine synthesis and fatty acid metabolism anaemia, neurological damage, often caused by AID preventing absorption
45
What is the role of vitamin A? what does deficiency cause?
Vision - rod cell synthesis transcriptional regulator Blindness (excess causes birth defects)
46
What is the role of vitamin C? what does deficiency cause?
Collagen synthesis also an antioxidant Scurvy - weakened collagen
47
What is the role of vitamin D? what does deficiency cause?
Bone formation and maintenance Immune regulation muscle function Cell differentiation Rickets Osteomalacia
48
What is rickets?
Skeletal disorder caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium or phosphate Weak, soft bones Skeletal defects Stunted growth
49
What is osteomalacia?
Softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism, due to lack of vitamins D,, calcium, phosphate
50
What is the role of vitamin E? what does deficiency cause?
Anti-oxidant prevents lipid oxidation in membranes neurological problems
51
In which patients is vitamin E deficiency often found?
Those who have difficulty absorbing fats e.g. CF
52
What is the role of vitamin K? what does deficiency cause?
Blood clotting Bone maintenance Bleeding
53
What are the 9 key minerals?
``` Iron Zinc Calcium Magnesium Fluoride Potassium Sodium Iodine Phosphate ```
54
Why are sodium and potassium key minerals?
Major electrolytes within cells and in extracellular fluids
55
What is the recommended daily dietary intake of salt?
<6g day
56
What are some major sources of salt?
Bread Cereals Ready meals
57
Give 3 reasons for inadequate intake of nutrients?
Food availability Food choices (cost, convenience, vegan) Problems with eating (sore mouth, dysphagia, ED)
58
Give 2 reasons for inadequate absorption of nutrients?
Problems with fat absorption - affects fat soluble vitamins (K, A, D, E) - CF, coeliac, Chron's Pernicious anemia - AID prevents B12 absorption
59
Give 2 reasons for excess loss or increased requirement of nutrients?
Iron deficiency anaemia Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy
60
Which four vitamin/mineral deficiencies are most important worldwide?
Iron Vitamin A Iodine Zinc
61
What are the symptoms of scurvy?
``` weakness gum disease fatigue skin haemorrhage anaeima ```
62
What is the cause of scurvy?
Vitamin C deficiency = weak collagen
63
Who is at particular risk of scurvy?
Elderly | Low income population
64
What is pernicious anaemia?
Immune cells attack cells in stomach that produce intrinsic factor so Vitamin B12 can't be taken up - this helps to develop RBCs
65
What binding protein is essential for B12 absorption?
Intrinsic factor
66
What are the two major consequences of B12 deficiency?
Anaemia | Irreversible nerve damage
67
What are the symptoms of b12 deficiency?
Numbness, tingling, incontinence, death

GI (10 decks)

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