The Molecules Of Life 2

Question 1

Relevance of Hydrogen Ions?

Answer 1

pH
PH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
The more hydrogen ions (very reactive in solution) the lower the pH> more acidic

Question 2

Effect of pH

Answer 2

Too low= acid
Damages proteins, enzymes denature
Damages tissues and functions subsequently
Must be carefully regulated

Question 3

PH values

Presence of H+ and OH- (hydrogen and hydroxide)

Answer 3

7 is neutral
Below 7 is acidic, more hydrogen than hydroxide
Above 7 in alkaline, more hydroxide than hydrogen

Question 4

One pH unit and the amount of hydrogen

Answer 4

=10fold change in H+

Solution pH5 = 10x more H+ than pH6

Question 5

Blood rage pH

Answer 5

Normal = 7.35-7.45
Acidosis= below 7.35 (more common clinically. CNS and cardiac function deteriorate. Less than 7=coma
Alkalosis= above 7.45 (uncontrollable skeletal muscle contractions and coma)

Question 6

How do we maintain pH

Answer 6

BUFFER SYSTEMS 
Carbonic acid-Bicarbonate buffer system 
CO2 + H20 <> H2CO3 <> H+ HCO3
*freely reversible 
*CO2 inversely related to pH
*too much of one and the reaction occurs back down the chain.

Question 7

Tonic of cells (concentration)

Has to do with osmosis

Answer 7

Isotonic= same osmotic pressure inside and outside cells. Substances move in and out. Equilibrium 
Hypotonic= cells lose water by osmosis, the outside water has more solutes than inside. Shrink and die
Hypertonic= cells gain water by osmosis, the outside has less solutes than inside. Swell and burst (lyse)

Question 8

Body fluids

ECF and ICF

Answer 8

More water in cells than outside them
ICF=28L
ECF=12L
Osmolarity determines movement of substances

Question 9

Classes of organic compounds

Answer 9

5.
Carbohydrates 
Lipids (fats)
Protein
Nucleic acid
High energy compounds (ATP)

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Answer 10

Starches and sugars
Provide fuel for energy, structural support and assist cell-cell recognition
<1%body weight
Subdivided into monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 11

Monosaccharides

Answer 11

Three to seven Caron atoms arranged in a ring

GLUCOSE = 6 carbon atoms arranged in a ring

Question 12

Protein

Answer 12

Most abundant organic compound in body (20% body weight)
Variable size, shape and function 
*enzymes 
*carrier molecule (haemoglobin) 
*hormone (insulin)
*antibody 
Made up of CHON

Question 13

Protein structure

Answer 13

You know they're made of long chains of amino acids folded 
20 different amino acids 
12 non-essential (are essential body just makes on its own)
Contain:
Central C atom
Carboxylate group
Side chain 
Amino acid group

Question 14

Lipids

Answer 14

Hydrophobic

Can contain CHON=SP

Question 15

Important lipids

Answer 15

Phospholipids= cell membrane structure (water proof)
Cholesterol = in cell membrane, makes steroids 
Fats= energy source and insulation 
Vitamins= A,D,E and K
Prostaglandins= inflammation

Question 16

Nucleic acids

Answer 16

Most important molecule in the body
Made up of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
(Nucleotides = phosphate + sugar + base)