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HUBS Weekly Content > Communication, Control, Protection > Flashcards

Communication, Control, Protection Flashcards

1
Q

Neurone

Remember there are motor and sensory

A

Cell body, axon, myelin sheath, nerve terminal and synapse

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2
Q

Nervous system

Conscious control Unconscious control

A

Somatic Autonomic
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Fight Flight Rest Restore

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3
Q

The endocrine system

A

The brain controls it, having the master gland the pituitary.
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas (insulin and glucagon)
Adrenal glands (cortisol, adrenaline, aldosterone and ADH)
Reproductive glands (testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone)
(Growth hormone, oxytocin)

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4
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Ductless gland
Secrete their hormone into the blood stream

Glands with ducts are called exocrine glands

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5
Q

Relationship between nervous and endocrine systems

A

They can work together to induce and maintain a response. The nervous system is fast and can produce an almost immediate response but has trouble sustaining it. The endocrine system can cause changes to the body that allow for the long term maintenance of that response.

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6
Q

What are hormones made out of?

A

Usually amino acid based

Could be protein, peptide, amine or steroid

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7
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Controls BMR (metabolism)
Higher = faster and hotter
Increases if cold
Essential for normal development of tissues

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8
Q

Thyroid problems

A 
Too much:
-weight loss, tissues get fatigued 
-anxious, feeling on edge, higher heart rate 
-oversensitive to heat 
-diarrhoea 
Too little:
-weight gain 
-oversensitive to cold 
-lethargic 
-dry skin and puffy face 
-constipated
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9
Q

Insulin

A

Released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels
Insulin encourages the uptake of glucose into the cells
Lack of insulin means two bad things
1. Too much blood glucose> bad
2. Cells not getting glucose> bad

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10
Q

Glucagon

A

Released by the pancreas when blood sugar levels are low
Mobilises stored glycogen to increase BGL
Normal BGL when fasting = 4-6mmol

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11
Q

Parathyroid

A

Located on the back of the thyroid gland
Detects when plasma calcium levels are low and secretes hormone
1. Calcium striped from bones
2. Kidneys reduce excretion calcium
3. Increased production of vitamin D

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12
Q

Parathyroid problems

A 
Too much:
-Weak, holly bones
-calcium deposits in lungs 
-kidney stones 
Too little:
-effects on nervous and muscle control 
- CATS (convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany, stridor and spasms)
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13
Q

Cortisol

A 
Secreted by the adrenal cortex 
Is the hormone for long term stress response (fight/flight)
Increases blood glucose 
Increases blood lipids
Inhibits growth and repair 
Inhibits immune response
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14
Q

Cortisol problems

A 
Too much:
-high BP 
-enlarged heart
-moon face
-prone to infection 
-slow repair
-diabetes like high BGL
Too little: 
-weak and cant mount good stress response 
-weight loss 
-low blood glucose and associated effects
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15
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increases retention of sodium and thus water by the kidney

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16
Q

Aldosterone problems

A 
Too much:
-sodium and water retention 
->increase blood pressure and volume 
->swelling 
Too little:
-not enough sodium or water 
(Aldosterone problems rarely occur alone. They are usually as a result of some other failure first)
17
Q

Adrenaline

A

Comes from adrenal medulla

Prolongs the fight or flight response of the sympathetic system

18
Q

Sex hormones: female

A

Oestrogen:
Maintains many tissues, regulates menstrual cycle, determines secondary sex characteristics, metabolic effects
Progesterone:
Release of egg from ova, implantation and maintenance of pregnancy,

19
Q

Sex hormones: male

A

Also known as androgens, testosterone is the main one

-development and maintenance of male sex hormones, secondary sex characteristics, production of sperm

20
Q

Oxytocin

A

Produced in child birth> powerful uterine contractions
Allows milk letdown (not production)
The love hormone, important in bonding and reducing anxiety

21
Q

ADH

A

Released by axons that connect the hypothalamus to the pituitary
Triggered by decreased blood volume or osmolarity
Causes the retention of water and causes thirst

22
Q

ADH problems

A 
Too much:
-concentrated urine 
-high blood volume and pressure 
Too little:
- dehydrated 
-hypotension and associated issues
23
Q

How do the two systems interact?

A

“Hypothalmopituitary access”

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland meet. The hypothalamus detects nervous signals and communicates these to the pituitary which then causes a hormonal response

24
Q

Usual order of communication

A

Hypothalamus (hypothalamic hormone) RH Releasing Hormone

Pituitary (pituitary hormone) SH stimulating hormone

25
Q

How thyroid hormone is released

A

Hypothalamus detects trigger (i.e. Cold) Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone TRH
Pituitary detects TRH and releases Thyrotropin Stimulating Hormone TSH
Thyroid glands detect this and release Thyroid Hormone TH

26
Q

How is cortisol released

A

Trigger that is stress, hypothalamus detects this and releases Cortocotrophin Releasing Hormone CRH
Pituitary detects this and releases adrenocorticotrophic hormone
The adrenal cortex detects this and releases cortisol

27
Q

Sex hormones

A

Don’t know exactly what begins it. Maybe the leptin released when there is sufficient fat stores?
Leptin> hypothalamus> Gonandotrophin Releasing Hormone> pituitary> FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (lutenising Hormone)»»oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone

28
Q

Growth hormone

A

Various stimuli> hypothalamus> growth hormone releasing hormone> pituitary> growth hormone

29
Q

Oxytocin

A

Pressure of baby head on cervix or suckling> message to hypothalamus> NEURONAL connection> pituitary> oxytocin

30
Q

Infections agents

A 
Virus 
Bacteria 
Protozoa 
Fungi 
Worms
31
Q

Examples of diseases caused by each

A

Bacteria Virus Fungi Protozoa Worms
Salmonella flu. Reign worm malaria ring worms
Tetanus Chic pox athletes foot amoebic dysentery whip worm

32
Q

First line

A

Skin (epithelial lining), microbiota, chemicals, stomach HCL, mucous, cilia, well defended entrances

33
Q

Second line

A
  1. Phagocytes: neutrophil and macrophages
  2. Inflammatory response: mast cells release histamine
  3. Chemical weapons: antimicrobial substances and interferons (especially effective against viruses)
  4. Fever: signalled by phagocytes
34
Q

Third line

A

Specific immunity.
Focus on antibody to identify pathogens. Antibody-antigen complex
T cells and B cells
Antibodies also called immunoglobulins

35
Q

Classes of immunoglobulins

A

IgG: most abundant (80%) of immunoglobulins, free in plasma and can cross the placenta and in breast milk
IgM: first immunoglobulin detected. Attached to B lymphocytes and free in plasma
IgD: attached to B lymphocytes. Important in activating B lymphocytes
IgA: protect mucosa. In tears, saliva, plasma and other secretions
IgE: important in allergic response. Attach to basophils and mast cells. When activated they release histamine

HUBS Weekly Content (11 decks)

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