Reproduction Flashcards by Madeline Scott

Gonands

Primary sex organs
Contain gametes
Secrete sex hormones

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Accessory reproductive organs

External genitalia
Ducts
Glands

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Male reproductive structures

Testis 
Epididymis 
Deferent duct 
Urethra 
Penis

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Testis

Seminiferous tubules> produce sperm
Interdisciplinary cells> produce testosterone
3 degrees lower than body temp

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Epididymis

Long, coiled duct

Stores and matures sperm

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Deferent duct 
(Vas deferens)

Cut in vasectomy

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Urethra

Transports sperm

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Penis

Delivers sperm

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Accessory glands males

Seminal vesicles

Prostate

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Seminal vesicles

Produce 70% of semen volume

Provide nutrients to allow them to swim

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Prostate

Provide 30% semen volume

Produces clotting factor (to prevent falling out when the sperm reach vagina and get acid shock)

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Mammary glands, milk production

Lobules produce the milk

Then it travels along lactiferous duct to the nipple

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Female reproductive structures

Ovaries
Oviducts
Uterus

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Ovaries

Store eggs

Releases egg at right time

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Oviducts

Site of fertilisation

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Uterus

Site of implantation
Cervix projects into vagina, mucous blocks sperm and bacteria

Endometrium= inner lining, 
Myometrium = muscle layer
Perimetrium = outside layer

Regulation of ovarian function

Hypothalamus> luteinising hormone releasing hormone>pituitary>follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone>ovary produces egg>corpus luteum>oestrogen and progesterone

Uterus phases

Menstrual phase
Proliferation phase
Secretory phase

The events are locked together by hormones

The FSH stimulates the egg to form which produces oestrogen which causes proliferation of the uterine wall
The LH causes the secretion of progesterone which makes the blood nutritious

Gestational trimesters

First trimester:
-embryological and foetal development 
-rudimentary organ systems 
Second trimester:
-develops organs and organ systems 
Third trimester:
-rapid foetal growth 
-deposition of adipose tissue

First trimester

Cleavage:
-cell division after fertilisation, establishes blastocyst
Implantation:
-usually 7-10 days after fertilisation. Attachment to endometrium wall
Placentation:
-usually 14 days post fertilisation
-development of blood vessels around blastocyst
-formed from both maternal and foetal tissues
Embryogenesis:
-viable embryo established
-foundation organs laid.

Implantation issues

Approx 60% zygotes fail to implant 
Approx 30% of the successful miscarry 
-Genetic defect 
-trauma 
-uterine malformation 
-unknown

HCG

Human chorionic gonandotrophin

Prevents corpus luteum degenerating thus sustains progesterone secretion

Changes in mothers physiology

Blood
Circulation 
Respiration 
Excretion 
Endocrine

Changes to blood

Plasma volume increases by 50% | Erythropoiesis increases by 25%> increased demand for iron

Changes in circulation

Cardiac output increases 30-50% | At term foetus receiving 17% mother cardiac output

Respiration

Greater gas exchange demand | Ventilation decreases despite smaller capacity

Excretion

Kidneys filtrate increases 30-50% | Greater retention of sodium and water due to hormonal changes

Endocrine

``` More cortisol = increas BGL More aldosterone = increase sodium and water retention More prolactin = milk production More relaxin = soften cervix and pelvic More parathyroid = more plasma calcium ```

Initiation of labour

Oestrogen increases from placenta (due to increased foetal cortisol): -induces oxytocin receptors Foetal cells release oxytocin: -causes placenta to release prostaglandins -positive feedback loop

Labour stage one: dilation

``` 10 cm = fully dilated -weak uterine contraction force head against cervix -cervix softens and dilates -amnion ruptures Longest part of labour (6-12hrs) Engagement: -baby's head enters pelvis Baby's head rotates -greatest dimension in anterior-posterior line Crowning ```

Stage 2: expulsion

Strong contractions every 2-3 minutes | Crowning

Stage 3: placental

Usually within 30 mins of birth Delivery of foetal membranes and placenta Uterine contractions shear placenta from walls

Infertility

Inability to conceive after 12 months unprotected sexual intercourse Affects one in six Australians Primary infertility = no prior conceptions Secondary infertility = prior pregnancy

Assisted reproductive technologies

Intrauterine insemination IUI Gamete intra-fallopian tube transfer GIFT In vitro fertilisation IVF Intracytoplasmic sperm infection ICSI