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Medicine Through Time > The Middle Ages > Flashcards

The Middle Ages Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Middle Ages begin and end?

A

500AD - 1500AD

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2
Q

Why were there no advances in medicine during the Middle Ages?

A

Because of the influence of the church

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3
Q

Between which years did the central control of the Empire collapse?

A

400AD and 500AD

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4
Q

Who was Britain invaded by when the Roman Empire caved in?

A

The tribes of the Angles and the Saxons

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5
Q

Who was Rome overrun by?

A

Barbarian tribes

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6
Q

What happened to public health systems?

A

They were destroyed

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7
Q

What happened to the libraries full of medical books?

A

They were destroyed

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8
Q

Why were the invading tribes not interested in education?

A

Because they couldn’t read

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9
Q

What was the only thing that survived the collapse of the Roman Empire?

A

The Christian Church

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10
Q

Which Christian attitudes helped the development of medicine?

A

In the Bible it says that Christians have a religious duty to care for the sick
The Christian Church preserved, translated and copied many medical books

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11
Q

Which Christian attitudes hindered the development of medicine?

A

The Church banned dissection
The Church believed that ancient writings should not be questioned
The Church supported Galen’s and Hippocrates’s ideas
The Church taught that illness was sent as a punishment from god

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12
Q

Which books were preserved by the Church?

A

Medical books including those written by Galen and other Greek and Roman medical writers

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13
Q

Where were hospitals usually found?

A

In Monasteries and Nunneries

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14
Q

Why were the Christian church so against things being questioned?

A

Because if people started questioning medicine then they might start questioning the Bible

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15
Q

Why did the Christian Church like the teachings of Hippocrates and Galen so much?

A

Because they fitted the idea that one God created all humans

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16
Q

What did Christians believe about suffering?

A

That it was alright to suffer and cures should only come from God.

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17
Q

Which Islamic attitudes helped the development of medicine?

A

Followers of Islam had a duty to care for the sick, mainly in Arab hospitals
Arab rulers believed it was important to develop education and translated medial books
Arab doctors like al-Razi (Rhazes) and Ibn Sina (Avicenna) wrote books on medicine

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18
Q

Which Islamic attitudes hindered the development of medicine?

A

Islamic religion banned dissection
Islamic religion supported Galen’s and Hippocrates’ ideas because they fitted the idea that Allah created humans as the parts of the body fitted together perfectly.

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19
Q

Why did Islamic religion ban dissection?

A

Because of its belief in the afterlife

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20
Q

Why did people in the middle ages still believe everything that the Greeks and the Romans believed?

A

Mainly because of religion

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21
Q

What treatments did people in the Middle Ages use?

A

Ones used by Romans as they still believed in the theory of the four humours

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22
Q

What happened to new theories?

A

They were discouraged

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23
Q

What was one belief about illness?

A

That God sent it as a punishment for their sins so only God could cure them

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24
Q

What was the main treatment for illness during the Middle Ages?

A

Praying to God for forgiveness

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25
Q

What were the natural explanations for the Black Death?

A

Bad air and bad smells
When the four humours were out of balance
Poisons in the air
Minority groups, for example the Jews, were believed to have poisoned wells in Germany

26
Q

What were the supernatural explanations for the Black Death?

A

Astrology - the position of the stars and the earth and the signs of the Zodiac
God punishing people for their sins
The Devil causing mischief

27
Q

What were the natural treatments for the Black Death?

A

Cleaning up towns that smelled bad
Purging
Bleeding
The use of opposites
Stopping practices like the ‘kiss of obedience’
The use of herbal remedies, such as honey and plantain

28
Q

What was the ‘kiss of obedience’?

A

When knights would kiss their lords and promise to obey them

29
Q

What were the supernatural treatments for the Black Death?

A

Praying for forgiveness
Beating themselves with a stick to punish themselves for their sins
Making gigantic candles to burn in church

30
Q

What was the most dramatic event in the history of medicine?

A

The Black Death

31
Q

Where did the Black death start and when did it come to Europe?

A

It started in China and came to Europe in 1348

32
Q

What is the Bubonic plague?

A 
People were affected by flea bites
Victims felt cold and tired
Buboes (painful swellings) appeared under the arms or in the groin
Blisters appeared all over the body
High fever
Severe headaches
Unconsciousness
And very often death after 4-7 days
33
Q

What is the Pneumonic plague?

A

This disease attacked the lungs and was more lethal than the bubonic plague
Victims would cough up blood
People were infected by other people who had the plague coughing over them
Victims died quickly, within a day or two

34
Q

How many people had died of the Black Death in Europe by the end of 1349?

A

One in three people

35
Q

Why was the Black Death so terrifying?

A

Because people couldn’t understand where it was coming from or why it was happening, and therefore could not stop it

36
Q

Which responses helped the Black Death?

A

Cleaning streets

Burning clothes

37
Q

Which responses did not help the Black Death?

A

Putting shaved dead chickens on buboes

38
Q

Who were barber surgeons?

A

They were not trained doctors, but they had got used to using sharp tools and doing minor surgery so they were the ones who did the most surgery on the battlefields and they had many methods which helped their patients, such as using wine as an antiseptic

39
Q

How did they learn to extract arrows, stop bleeding or amputate limbs?

A

Through trial and error

40
Q

Why did doctors look down on barber surgeons?

A

Because they hadn’t been trained properly at universities

41
Q

What were physicians forbidden from doing?

A

Performing surgery, this is because the human body was considered holy and should not be violated

42
Q

What was health and hygiene like in the Middle Ages?

A

It was pretty bad, particularly in towns although improvements were being made

43
Q

Name 9 threats to public health?

A

People urinated where they liked
There was open sewers in streets
Toilets were emptied into streams
Wells for drinking water were close to sewage
Butchers washed the blood from dead animals into streams
People shared smoke filled huts with animals in the winter
People washed in and drank from streams and rivers which were contaminated with urine
People poured waste from chamber pots out onto the street
Towns were cramped and streets were narrow

44
Q

Name 4 improvements to public health in the Middle Ages

A

There were public toilets in London
People could be arrested if they urinated in streets
People could be fined for littering and throwing waste out of their windows
A small number of rakers were employed to remove waste from the streets

45
Q

Why was it hard to enforce new rules?

A

Because very few officials were trying to enforce the laws, and not enough punishments were given to people who broke them

46
Q

Where were the most healthy places?

A

Monasteries

47
Q

Why were monasteries the most healthy places?

A

Because they were near fresh water and had toilets
They were rich and well organised
The monks believed that being clean was part of worshipping God

48
Q

Who was the wise woman?

A

Every village had one and she would play the role of midwife.
She also made natural remedies for general aches and pains that were not cured quickly.

49
Q

Why were wise women affective?

A

Because generally their medicines worked because they used things that contained natural antibiotics.

50
Q

Why were wise women not so affective?

A

Because they didn’t know and could not explain why their remedies worked

51
Q

What were Christian attitudes towards women helping in medicine?

A

They did not encourage the women to help during medical procedures

52
Q

Did the church approve or disapprove of wise women?

A

It disapproved

53
Q

What did they Church accuse women of?

A

Witchcraft

54
Q

How did nuns play their part in medicine?

A

They looked after the sick people in nunneries however they were not allowed to attend universities run by the church

55
Q

Name some treatments that took place in nunneries and monasteries

A

Eating a particular diet
Sleeping well
Balancing the four humours
Praying (asking God for his forgiveness)

56
Q

Did barber surgeons work in nunneries and monasteries?

A

No, this meant that operations were not very common

57
Q

Did hospitals accept just anyone?

A

No, they did not have to accept anyone with an infectious disease.

58
Q

What did monks do during the Black Death and how did this have an effect on them?

A

They would cut themselves off from society in their monasteries rather than taking in victims.
This meant that not many monks died during the Black Death.

59
Q

Why did many priests die during the time of the Black Death?

A

Because they cared for the sick in their parishes

60
Q

Why were Islamic hospitals slightly different?

A

Because they had different wards for different diseases.

They would also support patients when they were getting better after they left the hospital.

Medicine Through Time (9 decks)

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