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Medicine Through Time > Surgery in the 19th and 20th Centuries > Flashcards

Surgery in the 19th and 20th Centuries Flashcards

1
Q

What were the three main problems with carrying out surgery?

A

Pain
Infection
Blood loss

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2
Q

What is wrong with pain during surgery?

A

The patients could feel everything throughout the operation

They could die from the shock of the pain

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3
Q

What is wrong with infection during surgery?

A

Once operations were over, the wound often became infected and patients could die from this

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4
Q

What is wrong with blood loss during surgery?

A

Patients could bleed to death during and after the operation

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5
Q

When were operations carried out and why?

A

Only in an emergency, this is because the were so horrific

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6
Q

What was wrong with performing a surgery quickly?

A

It often lead to the surgeon making mistakes and cutting off the wrong part of the body

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7
Q

The problem of pain was the first to be solved in the 1840s with the development of what?

A

Anaesthetics

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8
Q

Give two positive impacts of anaesthetics

A

When patients were asleep they felt no pain which was good
As the patients were still, they were no longer dying from the shock of the pain, this allowed more complicated operations to be done inside the body

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9
Q

Give to negative impacts of anaesthetics

A

Sometimes patients died from too much chloroform

The death rate from infection went up after anaesthetics were developed

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10
Q

Why did the death rate of infection go up after anaesthetics were developed?

A

Deeper operations meant deeper infection

More operations meant more infection

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11
Q

When would the full advantages of anaesthetics be seen?

A

When someone worked out how to prevent infection

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12
Q

State some attitudes to the use of anaesthetics

A

Some doctors were against it (especially during childbirth) because they thought pain was sent from God and should be endured
Others were alarmed at the deaths from chloroform itself and from infection as doctors tried more complex and longer operations

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13
Q

When did anaesthetics get a big boost?

A

When Queen Victoria accepted chloroform to ease the pain of childbirth in 1857

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14
Q

What was the problem of infection solved by?

A

Antiseptics

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15
Q

Why before 1861 did surgeons re-use bandages, wear dirty clothes and not wash their hands?

A

They did not understand what germs were and didn’t know the causes of infection

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16
Q

What is gangrene?

A

Decay of part of the body due to blood supply failure

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17
Q

Who research gangrene and infection to find a cure for them?

A

Joseph Lister

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18
Q

What did Joseph Lister use in 1865 to kill germs during operations?

A

Carbolic acid

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19
Q

Did carbolic acid work for its purpose?

A

Yes!

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20
Q

Give some statistics for before and after Lister’s use of Carbolic acid

A

Before he used carbolic spray : nearly half of his amputations resulted in the death of the patient
After : only 15% died

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21
Q

When did Joseph Lister publish his findings?

A

1867

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22
Q

Give two impacts of antiseptics

A

Deaths from infection after operations fell

Not all doctors were as careful as Lister was being when using antiseptics, and so infections were still common

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23
Q

Give three oppositions to antiseptics

A 
Cleaning the wounds was hard work and slowed down operations (many surgeons still prided themselves on speed).
It seemed extreme. The carbolic spray soaked everyone and everything
Many people (including surgeons) did not believe in germs.
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24
Q

Which different gases were used to send people to sleep and what dates were each of them discovered?

A

Laughing Gas - 1799 - Sir Humphrey Davey
Ether - 1846
Chloroform - 1847 - James Simpson

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25
Q

Which was the most effective gas used to send people to sleep for an operation?

A

Chloroform

26
Q

Who discovered chloroform?

A

James Simpson

27
Q

What year was chloroform discovered?

A

1847

28
Q

How did James Simpson test out chloroform?

A

He tested it on himself before using it on his patients

29
Q

Give a disadvantage of Laughing Gas

A

It was weak and only numbed the area, it did not actually send a patient to sleep

30
Q

Give a disadvantage of Ether

A

It was flammable and it irritates the eyes and lungs
It was inconvenient and dangerous
It came in large bottles

31
Q

Give a disadvantage of Chloroform

A

Too little and it doesn’t work

Too much and it kills the patient

32
Q

Who makes chloroform safe to use?

A

John Snow

33
Q

Who was Semmelweiss?

A

He was a doctor who assisted women during childbirth

He was also a surgeon

34
Q

How was Semmelweiss significant to reducing infection?

A

He made everyone wash their hands
He thought people carried diseases on their hands
Once he made people wash their hands the death rate became a lot lower

35
Q

What did people think about germs in the twentieth century?

A

They believed in ‘spontaneous generation’ and they didn’t know that germs were so dangerous

36
Q

What did Pasteur prove regarding germs?

A

That they caused decay

37
Q

Why were people so against chloroform?

A

It was untested
People didn’t know the correct dosage
Some surgeons thought it was better to hear the patients making noise so they knew they were alive
They thought that numbing pain was unnatural
Pain was considered a blessing

38
Q

Why were some people for chloroform?

A

It was new so it had potential
Queen Victoria used and liked it
It was less painful
Surgeons could attempt more complex operations and get more experience

39
Q

Give 3 improvements to medicine which reduced infection

A
  1. Washing hands with carbolic before operations to avoid infections getting into wounds
  2. A carbolic spray used to kill the germs in the air and around the operating table
  3. An antiseptic ligature was used to tie up blood vessels to prevent blood loss
40
Q

Give 5 oppositions to the use of carbolic acid

A 
It was expensive
It cracked the surgeon's skin
It made everything smell
It slowed operations down
It was not accepted by trained doctors
41
Q

Give 3 ways that opposition was overcome regarding carbolic acid

A

It was eventually proved that it worked
It liked with Koch’s idea of blood poisoning
Lister won an award for his ideas so they were more well known

42
Q

How did the discovery of germs impact medicine?

A

Operating theatres and instruments were cleaned
Surgeons wore surgical gowns and masks
They used sterilised rubber gloves
More complex operations were able to take place

43
Q

When did the first successful heart operation take place?

A

1896

44
Q

What developments regarding blood were made prior to the nineteenth century?

A

Pare began using ligatures
Harvey proved there was only a certain amount of blood in the body
People tried using animal blood to replace the human blood lost in operations - this did not work

45
Q

Give a problem to do with blood transfusions

A

They sometimes worked but most of them didn’t and people couldn’t understand why

46
Q

Who discovered blood groups in 1900?

A

Landsteiner

47
Q

When did Landsteiner discover blood groups?

A

1900

48
Q

What was discovered by Landsteiner in 1900?

A

Blood Groups

49
Q

When was the first blood transfusion done using matching blood groups?

A

1907

50
Q

When were methods of storing blood developed?

A

During the First World War

51
Q

What happened during the Second World War regarding blood groups in the USA and Britain?

A

Nations Blood Transfusion centres were set up

52
Q

Who discovered X-rays?
When were they discovered?
And why was this significant?

A

Rontgen discovered X-rays
In 1895
This was significant because it allowed doctors to look inside the body without having to cut it open

53
Q

What was antiseptic surgery (cleaning the wound) replaced by?

A

Aseptic surgery (cleaning everything in the room)

54
Q

What is keyhole surgery?

A

Cutting a tiny hole in the skin and using a fibre optic cable and cameras to see inside the body to perform delicate operations.

55
Q

Give an example of keyhole surgery

A

Mending holes in the hearts of new-born babies

56
Q

What is replacement surgery?

A

Where joints can be replaced by plastic or metal ones when the boy’s joints have been worn out due to disease or age

57
Q

Who was the first heart transplant carried out by?

A

Christiaan Barnard

58
Q

When was the first heart transplant carried out?

A

1967

59
Q

When was the first heart, liver and lung transplant carried out?

A

1986

60
Q

When was the first facial transplant done?

A

2005

61
Q

Give two advantages of developing surgery

A

It is expensive and there is only a limited amount of funding for health care which limits the benefit of these improvements
It raises ethical questions about what operations are prioritised

Medicine Through Time (9 decks)

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