The Mid Tudor Crisis Flashcards
Dates of Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth respectively?
1547, 1553, 1558, 1563
What had Henry VIII set up to aid his 9 year old successor?
The Regency Council
Who swiftly climbed above the rest of Edward’s regency council as ‘Lord Protector’?
Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford and then Duke of Somerset
Why was Edward Seymour (Somerset) able to achieve his position?
He was Jane Seymour’s brother, therefore the King’s uncle
Who did Somerset execute to secure his grip on the protectorship?
Thomas Seymour, for plotting (his affair with Elizabeth, and his attempted kidnapping of Edward)
Who worked with Earl of Southampton to bring down Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset?
John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and then Duke of Northumberland
What title did Dudley adopt to imply his superiority?
Lord President of the Council
Who did Dudley have executed after a failed counter coup?
Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset
Why was Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, executed in 1553, after Edward’s death?
Tried to replace Edward with his own daughter, Lady Jane Grey
Who was Mary’s Lord Privy Seal (a big conservative)?
William Paget
Who was Mary’s Lord Chancellor (a big conservative)?
Stephen Gardiner
Is Mary known for a large or tiny Privy Council?
Large - 50 members, but dominated by Paget and Gardiner
Who did Elizabeth name as principal secretary in 1558?
William Cecil
What did Elizabeth do with Mary’s Privy Council?
INITIALLY, kept many members - e.g Earl of Pembrooke
What did Elizabeth do swiftly to secure authority?
Have her coronation in 2 months
Who did Edward keep on as Archbishop of Canterbury?
Thomas Cranmer
What Book did Cranmer’s Acts of Uniformity enforce?
Book of Common Prayer - English and Protestant
What did Cranmer’s royal injunctions attack?
Images, stained glass, bells, rood screens, altars
What did Cranmer dissolve to abolish ‘prayers for the dead’?
Chantries
What clothing did Cranmer ban?
Vestments
On what did Cranmer reach beyond Luther and towards Zwingli?
The Eucharist - Mass and Communion without transubstatiation
Who was Mary’s Archbishop of Canterbury?
Reginald Pole
Who’s supremacy over the Church did Mary restore?
The Pope’s
What did she do to her brother’s Archbishop of Canterbury?
Cranmer was burnt alive in March 1556?
What ‘laws’ did Mary restore (that Edward had abolished)?
The Heresy laws - doubting Catholicism = Capital offence
How many Protestants did Mary burn at the stake?
289 (including bishops Hooper and Ridley + preacher Latimer)
What were the planned cathedral seminaries to do under Mary’s reign?
Retrain and educate Catholic priests to elevate their skill and purge corruption in officials
What did Elizabeth’s Act of Supremacy do?
Made her Supreme Governor of the Church of England
What happened to bishops who refused to take the Oath of Supremacy?
They were sacked from their posts and some were imprisoned and executed for treason
What laws did Elizabeth abolish (once again)?
The heresy laws
What Book did the Act of Uniformity restore?
The Book of Common Prayer (1552 version)
What did the Book of Common Prayer say about the wording of the Eucharist?
A mixture - bread was both ‘body’ and ‘rememberance’
What made someone a ‘recusant’?
Refused to attend services in their parish church
What punishment did recusants face?
Fines, very lenient compared to her sister. Lots of recusants simply paid the fine and didn’t attend.
What did Elizabeth’s injunctions say about pilgrimages and altars?
They were banned - along with candles
What did Elizabeth’s injunctions compel all churches to buy?
An English Bible
What was Elizabeth’s decision on the marriage of clergymen?
Personally disapproved but permitted it regardless
What did Elizabeth’s injunctions say about vestments?
Enforced their use for certain ceremonies
What was ELizabeth’s compromise over religion called?
The ‘Religious Settlement’ or the ‘Middle Way’
What was Somerset’s key foreign policy?
Securing the marriage of MQS to Edward
Which battle was won in an attempt to enforce this?
Battle of Pinkie, 1547
Which country stepped in to aid Scotland and how?
France - they relieved Edinburgh and married MQS to their heir
How did Northumberland end the conflict with them?
Sold back Boulonge - £133,333
What was Northumberland’s foreign policy in Scotland?
Retreat - maintaining the garrisons was simply too expensive
Who did Mary ally with via marriage?
Spain - Phillip II temporarily gained the title of King (though none of the power)
Who led French troops in a landing at Scarborough?
Thomas Stafford in 1557
Where did Eng and Span troops achieve a successful siege under Mary?
St Quentin, France
What humiliating loss did Mary suffer in Jan 1558?
Calais
What Elizabethan treaty made peace with France?
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, 1559
France had agreed to purchase Calais for how much?
£125,000
Who did the Treaty of Berwick send and army and ships to?
Scottish Protestants fighting French troops defending Mary of Guise
What did the Treaty of Edinburgh do?
Peace with the Scottish, removal of all troops from Scotland - English and French - whilst maintaining peace with the French
Eliz’s support for which French protestant group backfired?
Huguenots, Eng forces were driven out France entirely
Which rebellion emerged from East Anglia 1549?
Kett Rebellion vs Edward VI
Which rebellion emerged from Kent, 1554?
Wyatt Rebellion vs Mary
What happened to debasement under Edward?
Continued under Somerset and stopped under Northumberland
Which Monarch reminted the currency entirely?
Elizabeth, though inflation still continually crept up.
