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B8 - Reproductive and Endocrine Systems > The Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

The Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce sex hormones?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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2
Q

What type of hormones are FSH and LH

A

Glycoproteins

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3
Q

Where are FSH and LH secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary

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4
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce in response to FSH and LH?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

What type of receptors do LH and FSH bind to?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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6
Q

What is the common biochemical precursor of steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol (from acetate)

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7
Q

Steroid hormones can pass straight through the cell membrane and bind to nuclear hormone receptor - True or False?

A

True

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8
Q

What does a primordial follicle consist of?

A

A primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells

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9
Q

What does a primary follicle consist of?

A

Fully grown ovum surrounded by many layers of granulosa cells

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10
Q

Accelerated growth of 6-12 primary follicles each month is caused by what?

A

LH and FSH

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11
Q

A layer of theca cells forms on the inside or outside of granulosa cell layers?

A

Outside

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12
Q

Starts on day of menses and ends with ovulation.

A

Follicular Phase - characterised by presence of a follicle

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13
Q

What phase comes after the follicular phase?

A

Luteal phase

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14
Q

What receptors do Theca and Granulosa cells express in follicular phase?

A

Theca - LH receptors

Granulosa - FSH receptors

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15
Q

What do Theca cells secrete upon stimulation by LH?

A

Androgens

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16
Q

What enzyme converts androgens to oestrogen in granulosa cells?

A

androgen aromatase

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17
Q

In the follicular phase does oestrogen have a positive or negative effect on the hypothalamus?

A

Negative

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18
Q

What is the function of inhibin B and from what cell is it produced?

A

Produced by granulosa cells and it inhibits FSH adn LH release

19
Q

What is the function of anti-mullerian hormone?

A

suppresses growth of neighbouring follicles so you get a dominant follicle

20
Q

What causes the oestrogen surge?

A

Androgens have a metabolic effect and cause proliferation of granulosa cells so more granulosa cells = more oestrogen being produced.

21
Q

What is the effect of the oestrogen surge on granulosa cells?

A

They express LH receptors

22
Q

What causes the surge in LH?

A

Increased oestrogen level causes a switch from negative feedback to positive feedback on pituitary gland

23
Q

LH binding to receptors on granulosa cells causes the production of what?

A

Progesterone

24
Q

What two processes is the LH surge necessary for?

A

Ovulation and oocyte maturation (from primary to secondary oocyte)

25
Q

What is a polar body?

A

A byproduct of meiosis produced as a result of unequal cell division of oocyte. It contains chromosomes that chromosomes that are not needed

26
Q

What stage of meiosis does the oocyte arrest at in second meiosis?

A

Metaphase

27
Q

What two cell types is the corpus luteum made up of?

A

Granulosa cells and lutein cells that arised from theca interna cells.

28
Q

What products does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone and inhibin A which inhibits secretion of FSH

29
Q

How many days does a corpus luteum tend to last if no fertilisation occurs?

A

12 days - final involution around 26th day of menstrual cycle

30
Q

What feedback does the corpus luteum have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Negative - to inhibit FSH and LH

31
Q

What are the three phases the uterus endometrium undergoes during a normal menstrual cycle and during what days do they normally occur on?

A

1) Menstruation (days 0-5)
2) Proliferative Phase (days 6-14)
3) Secretory Phase (days 15-28)

32
Q

What is another name given to a mature follicle?

A

Graafian follicle

33
Q

What causes menopause?

A

A lack of oestrogen being produced: when female stops producing oocytes she stops producing granulosa cells and hence oestrogen

34
Q

What effect does Oestrogen have on the heart and liver?

A

regulates production of cholesterol (decreases build-up of plaque in the coronary arteries)

35
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on the brain?

A

Helps maintain body temperature and protects against memory loss

36
Q

What is hirsutism?

A

unwanted male patterning of facial hair - sometimes a symptom of menopause

37
Q

Which of the following long-term problems of menopause could HRT make worse?:

1) Osteoporosis
2) dry vagina
3) Altzheimer’s disease
4) Ischaemic heart disease

A

3 and 4

38
Q

In HRT why are progestogens usually prescribed as well?

A

Because if oestrogens are unapposed they stimulate endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma

39
Q

What females would you not need to give progestogens to along side HRT?

A

Those who have had a hysterectomy as they are not in danger of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma

40
Q

Name 5 benefits of HRT

A

1) Relief of menopausal symptoms
2) osteoporosis prevention
3) reduce risk of colon cancer
4) general wellbeing
5) cardiac disease (in younger women)

41
Q

Name 5 risks of HRT

A

1) Thrombosis (stroke)
2) Uterine cancer (oestrogen only)
3) Breast cancer
4) Cardiac disease (older women)
5) Alzheimer’s disease

42
Q

How long do you have to have not had a period for to start on combined oestrogen replacement?

A

At least 1 year

43
Q

What age is premature menopause defined to occur at or before?

A

<40yrs - 1% of women

44
Q

Name some causes of premature menopause

A

1) Familial
2) surgical removal of ovaries
3) radiotherapy to the pelvis
4) chemotherapy
5) chromosomal abnormalities
6) Autoimmune disease

B8 - Reproductive and Endocrine Systems (9 decks)

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