Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

B8 - Reproductive and Endocrine Systems > Pharmacology of Diabetes > Flashcards

Pharmacology of Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes?

A

Beta cell destruction by autoantibodies, insulin deficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes

A

Balance between insulin resistance and insulin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the 3 origins of insulin in terms of pharmacological use

A

1) Animal - porcine, bovine
2) Human
3) Analogue - genetically altered human insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What class of drug is Metformin?

A

Biguanide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What action does metformin have on hepatic AMPK?

A

Phosphorylates/activates it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What two actions does metformin have on the liver?

A

Decreases gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What effect does metformin have on muscles?

A

Improves glucose uptake by increasing cell-surface expression and activity of insulin receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is one of the major benefits of metformin that puts it above other oral hypoglycaemic drugs?

A

Extremely low risk of hypoglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When should metformin be avoided and why?

A

When glomerular filtration rate is low because it can cause lactate accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What class of drugs are insulin secretagogues and what does this mean?

A

Sulfonylureas e.g. gliclazide. They increase the amount of insulin released in response to a rise in plasma glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name an example of a thiazolidinedione

A

Pioglitazone

Rosiglitazone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the mode of action of thiazolidinediones and what gene are they agonists to?

A

PPAR gamma agonists.

Insulin ‘sensitiser’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a unique downside of using thiazolidinediones?

A

Increased risk of bladder cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors end in

A

‘gliptin’

e.g. sitagliptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What class of drug is Linagliptin?

A

DPP-4 inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the normal mode of action of DPP-4

A

Inactivates incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP

17
Q

What intestinal cells does GLP-1 come from?

A

Intestinal L-cells

think gLp from L-cells

18
Q

What intestinal cells is GIP derived from?

A

Intestinal K cells

19
Q

What is a role of incretin gut hormones GLP-1 and GIP?

A

Increase insulin release from beta cells and decrease glucagon from alpha cells

20
Q

What does the incretin effect show?

A

Insulin produced is much larger when glucose is given orally as oppose to IV

21
Q

What happens to the incretin effect in people with type 2 diabetes?

A

There is a diminished incretin effect

22
Q

What effect does GLP-1 have on the brain?

A

Promotes satiety and reduces appetite

23
Q

What effect does GLP-1 have on the stomach?

A

helps regulate gastric emptying - slowing down gastric emptying means insulin can better match the glucose entering the system

24
Q

What effect does GLP-1 have on the pancreas

A
  • Increased insulin secretion

- decreases glucagon secretion

25
Q

Name an example of a GLP-1 receptor agonist

A

Exenatide
Liraglutide
Albiglutide
Dulaglutide

26
Q

Who would you not give GLP-1 receptor agonists to?

A

Alcoholics, people with gallstone problems etc. as it has an association with pancreatitis

27
Q

What class of drug is Lixisenatide?

A

GLP-1 receptor agonist

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors?

A

Prevent re-absorption of glucose in the kidney

29
Q

What are empagliflozin, canagliflozin and dapagliflozin examples of?

A

SGLT-2 inhibitors

30
Q

What are the two types of insulin action?

A

Quick/short acting

Intermediate/long-acting

31
Q

In biphasic insulin mixtures, what tends to make up the larger quantity - quick or intermediate acting insulin?

A

Intermediate acting

32
Q

Name 3 potential side effects of insulin

A

1) Hypoglycaemia
2) Allergic reaction - rare
3) Lipohypertrophy - accumulation of fat at site of injection

B8 - Reproductive and Endocrine Systems (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions