The Meeting of Three Peoples (1491-1607) Flashcards

1
Q

Pueblo People
Identify:
- Location
- Name origin
- Main crop
- Level of development

A

Native Americans who lived in modern-day southwestern United States. The name Pueblo comes from the Spanish because many of them lived in small towns called Pueblos. They mainly cultivated and became reliant on maize. They were architecturally and technologically advanced, with some structures having hundreds of rooms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The Four Corners Region

A

A region of the Southwest where Utah, colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anasazi People

A

An alternate name for the Pueblo people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Zuni and Hopi Peoples

A

Indigenous groups that united with the Pueblo people in western New Mexico.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Effect of Climate Change on the Pueblo People
Identify:
- General time
- Direct and Indirect Consequences

A

Volcanic eruptions and drought in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries caused the Pueblo People to disperse, causing conflict with neighboring peoples. Some united with the Zuni and Hopi Peoples, while others joined with communities in the Rio Grande Valley. The sophisticated buildings were abandoned, weakening the Pueblo people to European contact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The Great Basin
Identify:
- Location and area
- Environment and reason why it is like this

A

A 400,000 square mile area between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The environment is diverse but has a lack of natural resources caused by a sudden rise in temperatures 5000 years ago that created hot and arid conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Desert Culture
Identify:
- Effect on Indigenous Peoples
- Compare developments made typically by these people vs. other groups

A

Desert culture typically resulted in higher mobility to better forage and hunt for food due to the scarcity of natural resources. These people typically developed basket making, whereas sedentary groups often developed pottery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Shoshone, Paiute, and Ute Peoples.

A

Three large groupings of native peoples of the Great Basin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Great Plains

A

Vast stretch of land in the US and Canada that stretches from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi river.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Plains Indians

A

Native groups most commonly stereotyped in images of Indigenous groups. This stereotype holds little validity even within the Plains Indians, as they did not have horses until European contact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The Sioux, Blackfoot, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Peoples.
Identify:
- Hunting style

A

Great Plains Indigenous groups that hunted for buffalo on foot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The Osage, Wichita, and Omaha Peoples

A

Also Great Plains groups, but more focused around the Mississipi River area. They developed more sedentary and agrarian lifestyles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Type of Lifestyle Developed by Eastern Indigenous Groups

A

Mix of agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies which fostered the development of permanent settlements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Algonquian Peoples
Identify:
- Lifestyle
- Location
- Name origin

A

Consists of hundreds of Indigenous groups based off the east coast and around the Great Lakes. The name is the language group that these peoples spoke. Typically, they hunted, fished, and grew corn. In more northern areas, it was too cold to grow corn, so they only hunted and fished.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Iroquois League
Identify:
- Location
- Origin of name
- Founding date
- Purpose
- Result

A

A group of Iroquoian-speaking peoples in present day New York state that made up a confederation to avoid infighting. The founding date is maybe the 15th century (although some oral traditions write that it is earlier). The cohesion allowed them to become one of the most powerful forces in the pre-colonial northeast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Iroquois League Society
Identify:
- Lifestyle
- Social hierarchy

A

Most food came from farming, so they settled in permanent villages. They relied on the three sisters of crops and were matrilineal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Three Sisters of Crops

A

Corn, Beans, and Squash. These were the most common crops in agrarian Indigenous socities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Matrilineal Society

A

Inheritance and descent comes from the mother’s line.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lifestyle of Socities in the Pacific Northwest

A

Had advanced economic development and social diversification. They developed a mix of foraging and hunting, and some relied on resources from rivers and the ocean.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chinook People
Identify:
- Location
- Group diversity
- Lifestyle
- Social structure

A

Lived along the Columbia River in present day Washington and Oregon. They consisted of several groups that all spoke related languages. They had a high degree of economic and social development. The higher caste of Chinook People, such as shamans, warriors, and merchants, lived seperately from the common people. The common people typically lived in longhouses consisting of 50 or more people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Factors that Contributed to European Exploration (3)

A

The Crusades
- Led to the loss of self-sufficiency in Europe, encouraging Europeans to explore eastwards.

The Black Death
- Led to higher amounts of resources, encouraging higher risks tasks such as exploration.

The Renaissance
- Inspired people to explore, influenced by Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press.

22
Q

The Puritans
Identify:
- Who/what influenced them

A

Religious movement that believed that King Henry VIII’s split from the Catholic church did not go far enough. They were motivated by Calvinist thinking, and argued for a more complete reform of the Church of England.

23
Q

The Counter-Reformation
Identify:
- Causes
- Consequences

A

A reform in the 16th century of the Catholic Church that focused on renewing the sense of spirituality in the Catholic Church. Out of the movement comes the Jesuits, who were focused on spreading their gospel throughout the world.

24
Q

Columbian Exchange
Identify:
- Significance
- Time
- Two major things introduced

A

The introduction to Europe of crops and livestocks native to the Americas in the 1500’s. It changed agricultural and culinary traditions in Europe and supplemented the diets of the European peasants. Syphilis was brought back by Spanish sailors, as well as tobacco, which became very popular in Europe.

25
Q

Economic Impact of Conquest on Spaniards
Identify:
- Three impacts

A
  • The position of ordinary Spaniards became considerably worse during the age of exploration, as the gold and silver caused a wave of inflation. - The taxes also went up by more than fivefold to fund the age of exploration.
  • Spain went into debt borrowing from other powers, and the interest from this crippled the Spanish economy.
26
Q

Developments in Maritime Technology that Encouraged Exploration (6)

A
  • Compass
  • Astrolobe
  • Quadrant
  • Hourglass
  • Portulanos: Detailed maps that helped navigators
  • Caravels: Portugal’s sturdy but maneuverable ships
27
Q

Joint-stock Company
Identify:
- Two benefits to investors

A

Model developed in Europe in the 1500’s that became an engine for exploration. In this model, shareholders control part of the company in proportion to the number of shares they own. Benefits to investors include:
- Risk would be spread across multiple investors
- Limited liability: Shareholders would be liable for company debts, but only as far as the face value of their shareholding.

28
Q

Prince Henry the Navigator

A

Encouraged exploration of new trade routes to Asia that would bypass the Italian City states.

29
Q

Bartolomeu Dias

A

Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.

30
Q

Vasco da Gama

A

Reached India in 1498.

31
Q

Christopher Columbus
Identify:
- Monarchs that allowed his journey
- Original ethnicity
- Strategy to convince monarchs

A

Convinced the Spanish monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, that the circumference of the Earth was much smaller than what was widely believed by cartographers at the time. He was Italian, rather than Spanish.

32
Q

Columbus’s Landing in North America
Identify:
- Ship names
- Date
- Name and location of first island
- Group first encountered by Columbus and result

A

His ships were the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María, which set sail in 1492. The island he first reached was a Caribbean name he named San Salvador. He first encountered with the Taino people, who he named “Indians”.

33
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

Treaty that allowed Spain to establish a dominant role in the New World. It drew a longitudinal line through the Atlantic Ocean and South America. Portugal was granted all land east of the land, and Spain was granted all land west of the line (1494).

34
Q

Ponce de León

A

Spanish explorer that reached Florida (1513).

35
Q

St. Augustine, Florida

A

First permanent European settlement in the modern United States (1585).

36
Q

Encomienda

A

A system that used forced labor of Indigenous populations. Over time, this system was replaced by enslaved Africans. In this system, Spanish settlers were granted land and the right to labor from locals (similar to European feudalism).

37
Q

Encomenderos

A

The equivalent of feudal lords under the Encomienda system. They had a free hand in managing their holdings, as long as a certain percentage of gold and silver was sent back to the crown.

38
Q

Bartolomé de las Casas

A

A Spanish critic that spurred the crown to issue reforms of Spain’s new world’s colonies. He believed that the Spanish actions were “the most unpardonable offenses committed against God and mankind”. He initially advocated for the enslavement of Africans instead, but later came to believe slavery as a whole was morally wrong. (1542-4552).

39
Q

The Repartimiento

A

A series of reforms regarding Spain’s governance of the New World colonies. The treatment of Native Peoples did not improve appreciably, but control of the colonies became more centralized around the crown.

40
Q

Maroon Communities

A

Groups of Africans who had escaped slavery in the New World. They established independent communities. Often, they were the first generation of Africans brought out of Africa and tried to preserve African traditions in the New World.

41
Q

Palmares
Identify:
- Timespan of existence
- Fate
- Population size

A

Maroon community established in Brazil in the early 1600’s. Had more than 30,000 residents until it was conquered by the Portuguese in 1694.

42
Q

Arawak People

A

Enslaved Africans fled into the mainland and joined with the Arawak People after the English took over Jamaica in 1655. The Maroons eventually came to control much of the Jamaican interior.

43
Q

The Casta System
Identify:
- Casta
The role and characteristics of:
- Peninsulares
- Creoles
- Mestizos
- Mulattos
- American Indigenous People and Africans
The percentage of:
- Peninsulares
-Creoles
-Mestizos

A

Social Hierarchy of the Spaniards. Casta was used to describe the mixed races of people in the new world. The social hierarchy from top to bottom was:

Peninsulares were born in Spain and Creoles were born in New Spain with Spanish parents; they made up 1%-2% of the population.

Mestizos were the children of Spanish men and Indigenous woman; they made up 4%-5% of the population.

Mulattos were the children of Spanish men and African women.

American Indigenous People and Africans were at the bottom of the social pyramid.

44
Q

Cultural Misunderstandings Between the Spanish and the Indigenous Peoples (2)

A

Many Indigenous Peoples were matrilineal, in contrast to European patriarchies.

Indigenous Peoples did not understand individual ownership of land and saw it as a communal resource, while Europeans put a high premium on individual land ownership.

45
Q

Guale People

A

Lived near St Augustine. When missionaries attempted to bring them into the mission system, a revolt called Juanillo’s Revolt occurred.

46
Q

Juanillo’s Revolt

A

A revolt by the Guale Indians against missionaries that wished to bring the mission system to them. Led to the deaths of several missionaries (1597).

47
Q

Juan de Oñate

A

Occupied land held by the Acoma Pueblo people. When the Acoma resisted an order to hand over supplies the Acoma needed for winter and killed 15 Spanish (including Oñate’s nephew), Oñate fired cannons on the Acoma People. Over 800 natives were killed. Male survivors over the age of 25 had one foot cut off (around 80 men). The remaining 500 were enslaved by the Spaniards.

48
Q

Pure Blood (Limpieza de Sangre)

A

Used in Spain to describe those without Jewish or Muslim ancestry. Shaped Spanish conceptions about race in the New World.

49
Q

Miscegenation

A

The mixing of races. This determined one’s role in the Casta System. This was useful for justifying subjugation of those at the bottom.

50
Q

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

A

Challenged the views of Las Casas. He believed that the Indigenous Peoples of America were an inferior order and that they were “natural slaves”. He called the conquests “just wars”. Sepúlveda influenced Spanish policymakers in their assertion of power in the New World.

51
Q

Black Legend

A

A term used by a Spanish historian (1914) to describe anti-Spanish propaganda written by other European powers. The English may have exaggerated Spanish brutality to make English conquests look more altruistic.