Redefining Democracy in the Era of Cold War and Liberal Ascendancy (1945-1980) Flashcards
Beginning of Tensions between USSR and US
Started after the Russian Revolution, when America opposed the Bolsheviks.
Truman Doctrine
Declared that the goal of the US would be to contain the Soviet Union (1947).
Sources of Soviet Conduct
Outlined how to contain communism.
X Article
Alternate name for Sources of Soviet Conduct, since actual author was not known at the time.
George Kennan
Author of the X Article.
Marshall Plan
Allocated 13B for Europe to rebuild. It stabilized capitalist economies. Its goal was to make the West seem better than Soviet-style communism.
Berlin Blockade
USSR blocked food and other supplies from entering West Berlin in 1948.
Berlin Airlift
Supplied West Germany with flights during the Berlin Blockade. It prevented the USSR from taking over the city, and the city was formally divided, with West Berlin becoming part of West Germany.
NSC-68
Called for a more aggressive defense policy for the US in 1950. It called for the US to assume a leadership position within non-communist countries. It largely shaped US foreign policy during the Cold War through the 1960’s.
Paul Nitze
Author of NSC-68. Argued for the US to roll back communism, rather than simply contain it.
There is no substitute for victory
General MacArthur’s belief that communism in China could be rolled back.
Firing of General MacArthur
Truman was convinced that a major escalation of war after WWII would be a disaster, while MacArthur continually pushed for the invasion of China. He was fired for insubordination.
New Look
Policy of President Eisenhower. It emphasized the development of nuclear weapons to deter potential threats from the USSR. This was followed by a shift away from maintaining costly ground forces.
Bigger Bang for the Buck
Used to describe the New Look policy.
Secretary of State John Foster Dulles
Highlighted the New Look strategy of “massive retaliation”.
Brinksmanship
The idea that the USSR had to be aware that the US was willing to “go to the brink” of war with its nuclear arsenal.
Sputnik
Identify:
- American Policymaker Reaction
1957 launching of an unmanned Soviet satellite. It marked the beginning of the space race.
Government officials believed the same type of rocket that launched the satellite could also be used to deliver atomic weapons to any location on Earth.
Cuban Missile Crisis
U2 Spy plane discovered that Cuba was preparing to install nuclear missiles. JFK demanded Khrushchev to stop the operation, but Khrushchev refused. The world stood at the brink of nuclear war until a deal was reached where the USSR abandoned their nuclear project in Cuba if the US honored the sovereignty of Cuba and remove its missiles from Turkey.
Kitchen Debate
Nixon’s meeting with Khrushchev where they toured an American model-home display at an international exhibition in Moscow while they debated the merits of capitalism and communism.
Partial Test Ban Treaty
Banned aboveground nuclear testing. It reflected JFK’s policy of attempting to ease tensions between the USSR and the US.
Castle Bravo Test
Hydrogen bomb test by the US at Bikini Atoll that led to radiation sickness over a wide area.
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
Part of Nixon’s detente strategy. It led to two arms-control agreements.
Significance of Nixon’s Visit to the PRC
Important step in normalizing relationship with the PRC.
Taft-Hartley Act
- Passed over Truman’s veto, and was designed to monitor and restrict organized labor. It made it more difficult to strike.
Right to Work Laws
Bans union shops, where all workers are required to join a union if a majority had voted to do so.
Federal Employee Loyalty and Security Program
- Banned communists and fascists from serving in the federal government, and allowed for investigations into the political affiliations of current employees.
Executive Order 9835
Created the Federal Employee Loyalty and Security Program.
McCarran Internal Security Act
Mandated that communist groups in the US had to register with the government, and allowed for the arrest of suspected security risks during national emergencies. Truman attempted to veto it, but faijled.
McCarthy’s Speech of the State Department
Claimed he had a list of 205 known communists in the State Department, making him rise to national prominence in 1950. He encouraged a mindset where people suspected others around them.
Hollywood Ten
Prominent directors and writers in 1947 who were summoned to testify in Washington. They refused, citing their first amendment rights, and were blacklisted in the 1950’s, preventing them from working in Hollywood.
Whittaker Chambers
Accused Alger Hiss of spying for the USSR.
Nixon and Hiss
- Nixon, a first-term Republican Congressman, successfully pursued perjury charges against Hiss, who was accused of passing secrets to the USSR in the 1930’s.
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
American couple accused of passing secrets of the nuclear bomb to the USSR. They, members of the communist party, insisted on their innocence but were executed. Modern evidence suggests that Julius had engaged in some sort of espionage.
Smith Act
WWII era act used to arrest of members of the Communist Party.
Eugene Dennis
Communist Party leader arrested under the Smith Act.
Fall of McCarthyism
McCarthy accused military of being communists. After finding the accusations were baseless, the Senate censured McCarthy in 1954.
Yates v. United States
- Overturned the convictions of members of the Communist Party who were prosecuted under the Smith Act.
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill)
Identify:
- Differences between effects on whites and blacks
- Provided low-interest loans for veterans to purchase homes and attend college.
African-Americans struggled to meet the high barriers set that targeted them, especially because one of the bill’s sponsors made sure that the states would set the rules in extending benefits, rather than the federal government.
Baby and Child Care (Benjamin Spock)
1946 that urged parents to treat their children as individuals and allow them to develop at their own pace and to focus less on discipline and more on affection.
White Flight
Identify:
- 2 reasons
Used to describer the movement of middle-class white Americans from urban centers to suburbs.
They were prompted by:
- Housing crunch created by WWII soldiers promoted new suburban communities
- White people did not want to live in urban neighborhoods integrated with African-Americans. Suburbs restricted African-Americans from moving and living there.
William Levitt
Took large tracts of land outside major cities and built huge developments of nearly identical houses, mass producing them.
Levittown
Synonymous with the mass-produced communities of William Levitt.
Little Boxes (Malvina Reynolds)
1962 song that highlighted the monotony of life in Levittown-style communities.
National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
- Federal government initiated a massive highway-building project that created the interstate highway system. This also made it easier for Americans to leave urban centers and move to suburbs.
White Flight on Urban Areas
Cities saw their tax bases shrink, so basic services were cut back, contributing to an overall worse quality of life. This decline put pressure on people to move to the suburbs.
Redlining
Blocked flow of federally-backed loan money from reaching many African-American neighborhoods.
Federal Housing Administration
Guaranteed millions of loans for suburban homes, but contributed significantly to housing segregation.
Urban Renewal Program
Set of initiatives to address the decline of older cities.
Housing Act of 1949
Identify:
- Title 1
- Effectiveness
Dramatically expanded federal money and power in the area of urban housing.
Title 1 provided federal funds for slum clearance.
While many neighborhoods were demolished, the housing that replaced it either did not exist or was poorly made. As such, the urban renewal programs often left cities in worse shape than before.
The Lonely Crowd (David Riesman, Nathan Glazer, Reuel Denney)
1950 book that noted the conformist attitude of Americans at the time.
The Organization Man (William H. Whyte)
1956 book that described the conformist modern corporation model.
The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (Sloan Wilson)
1955 book that depicted a businessman trapped in a materialistic commercial world of the 50’s.
The Catcher in the Rye (J. D. Salinger)
1951 novel that railed at the “phonies” who had achieved success in mainstream society.
Television in the 1950’s
Was very popular, but was settling into safe and predictable genres.
Leave It to Beaver
Father Knows Best
Exemplified the sitcom style of a wise father figure, a housewife, and obedient children.
Bonanza
Gunsmoke
Westerns of the 50’s.
The Guiding Light
Search for Tomorrow
Soap operas of the 50’s.
Ed Sullivan Show
Variety show that became a cultural touchstone.
Rock ‘n’ Roll Music in the 50’s
Viewed as “race music” due to its development in African-American communities. It was deemed dangerous by mainstream white commentators, since they feared racial mixing as well as sexually suggestive dancing.
Elvis Presley
White singer who became a huge cultural force in America. he followed the rock ‘n’ roll style.
Chuck Berry
“Big Mama” Thornton
African-American inspirations for Elvis Presley.
Beat Literary Movement
Represented a rejection of mainstream social values.
On the Road (Jack Kerouac)
1957 book that was prominent in the Beat Literary Movement.
Howl and Other Poems (Allen Ginsberg)
1956 book that took direct aim at the foundations of Cold War America (I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked).
Abstract Expressionism
Emphasized spontaneity, emotion, and intensity over realistic reproductions.
Jackson Pollock
Most well-known Abstract Expressionist.
Willem de Kooning
Mark Rothko
Associated with abstract expressionism.
Montgomery, Alabama, Bus Boycott
1955 and 1956. It started with Rosa Parks, the secretary of the NAACP.
Recy Taylor
Her rape by 6 white men was investigated by Rosa Parks.
Claudette Colvin
Refused bus segregation before Rosa Parks, but was not used as a persona for a campaign.
Women’s Political Council (Jo Ann Robinson)
Established networks of activists for the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Main Advocate for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience
Martin Luther King Jr.
President Who Created the Committee on Civil Rights
Created by Truman.
Truman on Civil Rights
Early supporter of civil rights. However, he was hesitant to lose his southern base of support.
Thurgood Marshall
Lead lawyer of the NAACP.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Identify:
- Type of argument used by Brown
- Broader significance
1954 decision that ended school segregation. It set in motion the move of America toward civil rights, but violence erupted in the South where whites attempted to stop school integration.
The argument used was modelled after the Brandeis Brief.
Desegregation in Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Orville Faubus refused to co-operate with desegregation and incited mob action/violence outside the high school. Eisenhower sent in national troops to stop Faubus.
Governor Orville Faubus
Led the police in the Little Rock Crisis.
Eisenhower on Civil Rights
Reluctant to take action for civil rights in general, except in the Little Rock Crisis.
Jacobo Arbenz
Democratically elected president of Guatemala that was ousted in the 1954 Guatemala coup.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
- The Cuban exiles were quickly captured by Cuban forces.
General Rafael Trujillo
Repressive military ruler of the Dominican Republic who was assassinated in 1961, where his regime collapsed, creating a power vacuum that led to US intervention.
Juan Bosch
Center-left nationalist leader in the Dominican Republic who was labeled a communist by Johnson.
Intervention in the Dominican Republic
Identify:
- Sitting President
Lyndon B. Johnson claimed that Bosch was a communist, leading to 30K troops being deployed to the Dominican Republic.
Military-Industrial Complex
Identify:
- President of Origin
Popularized by Eisenhower in his farewell address. It implies a close relationship between government officials, leaders of the military, and corporations.
It implied that many foreign decision goals, such as interventions, keep the Military-Industrial Complex in mind.
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb
Depicted the concept of MAD going wrong.
Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE)
Formed by critics of the nuclear program in 1957 to challenge Eisenhower’s nuclear tests.
Women’s Strike for Peace
Inspired 50K women to march for peace in 1961, marching against nuclear policy.
US During Decolonization
Identify:
- Reasoning
Had strong ties with many European powers, but also professed to support self-determination by granting the Philippines independence in 1946.
The US feared that new countries would drift toward the USSR if negotiations were not peaceful.
Mohammad Mosaddegh
Elected prime minister of Iran in 1951. Due to his left leaning and reformist policy, where he nationalized oil fields and refineries, the CIA initiated a coup and restored the power of the Shah.
Peace Corps
Established in 1961. Extended aid packages and assistance to newly independent nations to mitigate the chance of new nations from drifting toward the USSR.
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
Iranian Shah who protected oil interests and was close to the west, who was reinstated as ruler after Mohammad Mosaddegh was deposed.
Coup in Iran
Identify:
- Sitting president
Eisenhower allowed the CIA to instigate a coup against Mosaddegh.
Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser
Took power in Egypt in 1954 after toppling the pro-western King. He was close to the USSR.
Eisenhower Doctrine
Identify:
- Trigger for its establishment
Eisenhower pledged to support any Middle Eastern country threatened by “any nation controlled by international Communism”.
This was established following the rise of Nasser and the subsequent Suez Canal Crisis.
Camille Chamoun
Pro-US Lebanese president who was threatened by a rebel movement friendly to Nasser. He was protected by the Eisenhower Doctrine.
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
French were defeated by Ho Chi Minh’s forces, leading to the withdrawal of France from Vietnam. North and South Vietnam were established.
Domino Theory on Vietnam
Intervention was mainly influenced by the Domino Theory.
US and Vietnam in WWII
US sent military advisors and assistance to help fight the Japanese.
Ngo Din Diem
Leader of South Vietnam. He was assassinated by American backed troops following the buddhist monk protests, but subsequent regimes proved to also be unstable.
Buddhist Monks in South Vietnam under Ngo Din Diem
Staged protests where some famously publicly self-immolated.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Identify:
- Sitting President
Gave Johnson permission to pursue conventional military actions in Southeast Asia. It is considered the beginning of the Vietnam War.
Lyndon B. Johnson’s Blank Check
Identify:
- Cause
Congress allowed Johnson to engage in military operations in Southeast Asia without a formal declaration of war.
The blank check was fueled by Johnson’s declaration of American destroyers being fired upon by North Vietnamese gunboats, although this claim is dubious.
Pacification (Vietnam)
US policy in South Vietnam. They pushed Vietcong rebels out of villages and attempted to win the “hearts and minds” of villagers. However, this usually simply resulted in millions of refugees.
Hearts and Minds (Vietnam)
Winning villagers “hearts and minds” was essential to US policy of Pacification.
Tet Offensive
Major Vietcong offensive on South Vietnam. It was defeated, but it demonstrated the ability of the Vietnamese to organize a coordinated strike.
My Lai Massacre
- US forces killed nearly every inhabitant, despite no enemy forces there. It was covered up for more than a year, and led to many Americans questioning the morality of the war in Vietnam.
Lieutenant William Calley
Commander of the company at the My Lai Massacre. He was found guilty.
Peace With Honor
Nixon’s election plan.
Nixon Policy on Vietnam War
Despite promising “peace with honor”, he expanded the war to Cambodia and Laos.
Vietnamization
Starting 1969, Nixon began replacing American troops with South Vietnamese troops. This failed, since without US troops, South Vietnam quickly collapsed.
War Powers Act
- Passed over Nixon’s veto and attempted to check presidential power and strengthen the legislative branch in measures of war. It required the president to report any troop deployments to Congress within forty-eight hours, and gave Congress the ability to force US withdrawal.
It arose from Congressional frustration of Johnson and Nixon, who carried out the Vietnam War. They believed the presidents were abusing their power.
Living Standards and Economy Post WWII
GDP grew dramatically, and there was a dramatic rise of the middle class.
The Other America: Poverty in the United States (Michael Harrington)
Identify:
- Presidents influenced by it
- Made Americans aware of the poverty in the US, including JFK and Lyndon Johnson. He highlighted how the technological developments associated with economic growth resulted in job displacement.
Liberalism in the 1960’s
Identify:
- 3 Inspirations
Focused on an interventionist government at home and an anti-communist foreign policy.
They were influenced by the Progressive Movement, the New Deals, and Keynes
Walter Reuther
Moderate within the labor movement (United Automobile Workers) that joined the liberal coalition. They purged the labor movement of communists and radicals.
American Civil Liberties Union
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Americans for Democratic Action
Key players in the liberal coalition.
The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom (Arthur Schlesinger)
Book that articulated liberal anti-communism.
New Frontier
Used to describe Kennedy’s domestic agenda. It embraced liberalism, symbolizing a break with conservatism.
Agency for International Development
Coordinated aid to foreign countries to mend frayed relationships with the developing world. Developed by Kennedy.
Alliance for Progress
Kennedy’s program designed to provide funds for development projects in Latin America.
Great Society
Identify:
- Effectiveness and reasons why
Lyndon B. Johnson’s program to end poverty in the US.
It only saw limited success. The cycle of poverty proved too difficult to break, and the war in Vietnam had diverted a high amount of funds.
Origin of Medicare and Medicaid
Part of the Great Society programs.
Office of Economic Opportunity
Oversaw many Great Society initiatives
Immigration and Nationality Act (Hart-Celler Act)
- Eliminated the quota system that had been in place since the 1920’s and replaced it with overall limits on immigration.
Chain Immigration
Immigrating based on having family members in the US. This allowed immigrants to bypass the overall limits set by the Immigration and Nationality Act, since the act offered this exception.
Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
1960’s student campaign in Tennessee and North Carolina aiming to protest segregation. African-Americans would sit on whites-only counters.
Greensboro, North Carolina
Origin of Sit-ins
Woolworth’s Lunch Counter
First instance of Sit-ins.
Nashville (Civil Rights)
Lunch counter sit-ins spread here.
Freedom Rides
- Occurred after the Supreme Court had overturned laws separating the races on interstate transportations. Despite this, many states maintained Jim Crow laws to separate passengers.
Congress on Racial Equality organized a series of bus rides with African-Americans riding alongside white passengers. These were met with a great deal of violence and resistance in the South, and JFK sent marshals to Alabama to protect Freedom Riders.
Congress on Racial Equality (CORE)
Organized the Freedom Rides.
JFK on Freedom Rides
Sent federal marshals to Alabama to protect Freedom Riders and enforce state law.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Worked with Martin Luther King Jr on the Birmingham protests
Eugene “Bull” Connor
Forcibly put down Martin Luther King’s demonstration. His actions invoked the sympathy of Americans for the civil rights activists as images came out.
Children’s Crusade
Children’s march of the Birmingham protests. It was violently broken up by Connor
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Written while King was in jail during the Birmingham protests.
Significance of Birmingham Protests
Helped pave the way for the Civil Rights Act
March on Washington
Highlighted the divide of the civil rights movement on the intensity of the movement.
John Lewis (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
Told by older members of organizers of the March on Washington to tone down his rhetoric.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Southern Christian Leadership Conference Right After Civil Rights Act
Pressed for the lifting of voting challenges on African-Americans.
Lyndon B. Johnson on Selma Protests
Spoke in favor of the campaign for greater voter rights for African-Americans.
Selma to Montgomery
March to protest thee shooting of a protestor.
Governor George Wallace (Selma to Montgomery)
Ordered the march to be stopped, but failed.
Edmund Pettus Bridge
Location of Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday
Selma to Montgomery marchers were blocked and attacked with clubs and tear gas. Incident was broadcast on national television, angering many Americans.
Black Panther Party
Embodied the Black Power Movement
Change in Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s
Changed from “Freedom now!” to “Black Power!” as the pervasive problems of de facto segregation occurred, despite success with de jure segregation. :This marked a younger generation who called for a more militant movement.
Malcolm X
Central figure in the militant turn of the civil rights movement. He argued for the Nation of Islam. Shortly after leaving the Nation of Islam and revising his views on Black separatism, he was assassinated.
Nation of Islam
Led by Malcolm X during the Civil Rights movement. They advocated for African-Americans to organize among themselves separate from whites.
Harlem Shooting
1964 incident where a police officer shot a 15 year old African-Americans.
Significance of Watts, Detroit, and Newark Riots
Highlighted the frustrations of African-Americans in the 1960’s, predominantly against white police forces.
In Watts, the National Guard were deployed.
Kerner Commission
Identify:
- Sitting President
Formed by Johnson to investigate rioting in African-American Communities following the Watts, Detroit, and Newark Riots.
One Black, one white - separate and unequal
Key point of the Kerner Commission’s report, finding poverty and segregation as root causes of the riots.
Significance of Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr
Marked the decline of the African-American Civil Rights movement of the era.
Democratic Party on Civil Rights
(Kennedy and Johnson)
Identify:
- Long term consequences for the Party
Walked a fine line. Like FDR, they may have sympathized with African-Americans but were too afraid of alienating their Southern wing.
After the murder of Medgar Evers, JFK pledged to support civil rights as a moral issue. Johnson followed this, pressuring reluctant Democratic legislators.
This marked the beginning of the exodus of many white southern Democrats to the Republican Party.
George Wallace
Ran as a third party in 1968 as a far-right segregationist party.
Civil Rights Act
Identify:
- Sitting President
Passed in 1964 by Lyndon B Johnson. It guaranteed all Americans equal access to public accommodations, public education, and voting. It banned discrimination in employment based on race or gender.
Voting Rights Act
- Allowed the federal government to oversee voter registration in counties with low African-American registration. It outlawed literacy and poll taxes.
Shelby County v. Holder
2013 decision that limited the scope of the Voting Rights Act by weakening a clause that required states with a history of discrimination to obtain federal approval before implementing changes to voting laws.
Earl Warren
Shifted the court in a liberal direction. The Warren Court consistently protected the rights of minorities, reinforced the separation of church and state, established an individual’s right to privacy, and protected the rights of those accused of crimes.
Mapp v. Ohio
- Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment (unreasonable search and seizure) must be excluded from criminal prosecutions.
Gideon v. Wainwright
1963 decision that made states provide court-appointed attorneys to impoverished defendants. Previously, this was only applicable for federal court.
Escobedo v. Illinois
1964 decision that ruled that defendants had the right to have a lawyer present during police interrogations.
Miranda v. Arizona
1966 decision that established Miranda rights.
Griswold v. Connecticut
1965 decision that ruled that laws forbidding use of contraceptives were unconstitutional under the right to privacy.
Tinker v. Des Moines
1969 decision that ruled that a school board prohibition of students wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam War was unconstitutional under the right to free speech.
Brandenberg v. Ohio
1969 decision that ruled the government cannot prohibit inflammatory speech unless that speech is likely to directly incite imminent unlawful action. It revolved around a KKK leader who was being incendiary.
New York Times v. Sullivan
1964 decision that set a higher standard for libel, requiring “actual malice”. It has been the Court’s most forceful defense of press freedom.
L. B. Sullivan
Sued the New York Times for running an ad calling attention to the violence in the South. Sullivan claimed the ad libeled him, even though he was not directly mentioned. White officials, like him, often used plaintiff-friendly libel laws to curb reporting of civil rights issues.
Baker v. Carr
1966 decision that ruled that states must periodically redraw legislative districts so that districts have roughly equal numbers of people.
Reapportionment and One person, One Vote
Requirement of redistricting so urban areas, which grew more rapidly than rural areas, were not underrepresented. Otherwise, urban populace would be worth less than a rural vote.
Engel v. Vitale
1962 decision that ruled the Regents’ Prayer was unconstitutional under separation of church and state.
Regents’ Prayer
New York state-mandated prayer to be recited by public school children. It was struck down in Engel v. Vitale.
Policy of Termination
1953 policy that aimed to assimilate American Indigenous groups before terminating the recognition of groups as legal entities.
Declaration of Indian Purpose
1961 manifesto of 67 Indigenous tribes that addressed common concerns following the implementation of the policy of termination.
American Indian Movement (AIM)
- Seized Alcatraz Island, claiming former Indigenous ownership.
Oglala Lakota Members of AIM
Staged a protest and occupation at Wounded Knee for two months. Called for a change in the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and called for the US to honor treaty obligations.
Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
Contained Wounded Knee
Negotiations between AIM and Nixon
Nixon allowed greater autonomy for Indigenous groups.
United States v. Wheeler
1978 decision that affirmed the legal status of American Indigenous tribes and ended the policy of termination.
Chicanos
Young Mexican Americans who pushed for a greater sense of solidarity and for social change.
La Raza Unida
Texas Chicano party formed in 1970 that emphasized Chicano nationalism. They had grown disassociated with the Democratic Party.
Cesar Chavez and Delores Huerta
Founded the United Farm Workers in 1962.
United Farm Workers
Identify:
- Significant event
Founded in 1962 to protect the interests of migrant farmers, many who were Mexican-Americans. They led a national boycott of grapes in 1965, which successfully pressured farm owners to pay their workers a decent wage.
The Emergence of Yellow Power (Amy Uyematsu)
Cites “Black Power” as a catalyst for Asian Americans to examine the conditions of their own lives and fight to redress injustices.
Origin of Ethnic Studies Programs
Strikes in San Francisco State University and UC Berkeley by Asian-American students and other students of color.
Women’s Liberation Movement
Emerged in the 1960’s to challenge inequities in the job market, representation of women in media, violence against women, etc.
The Personal is Political
Motto of the Women’s Liberation Movement.
The Feminine Mystique (Betty Friedan)
1963 book that challenged the traditional options in life offered to middle-class women.
National Organization for Women
1966 liberal organization supporting women’s rights.
Ms. (Gloria Steinem, Letty Cottin Pogrebin)
Magazine originated from the National Organization for Women.
Miss America Pageant Protest
1968 protest that aimed to protest the exemplification of society’s attitude toward women done by Miss America.
Title IX of the Educational Amendments
1972 law that banned gender discrimination in all aspects of education.
Gay Liberation Movement
1969 beginning of gay activism.
Stonewall Inn, Greenwich Village
Gay bar that resisted a raid by police and fought back, starting the gay liberation movement.
Gay Liberation Front
Created following the Stonewall Inn riots. It aimed to protest coverage of the gay community, protest the APA’s classification of homosexuality as a mental illness, etc.
Roe v. Wade
1973 decision that declared that states shall not prohibit women from having an abortion during the first two trimesters of pregnancy. They used the right to privacy as the main argument, arguing that abortion is the personal choice of the woman, and should not be left to state interference.
Quiet Revolution
Used by historians to describe the entering of women into the workforce starting 1970.
Selective Service System
Increased number of young men drafted and became an immediate concern in the Vietnam war, prompting a stronger antiwar movement from young people.
Morley Safter Report
Showed Marines evacuating Vietnamese citizens and then setting the village on fire, leading to questioning of the war. It reflected how Vietnam was the first war in which the majority of Americans owned television sets.
Cam Ne
Village in the Morley Safter Report
Working-class War
Used to describe the Vietnam War, since 80% of the troops were working class and poor. Middle-class youths would often get college deferments or had connections to get a stateside position in the National Guard.
Beyond Vietnam (Martin Luther King Jr)
Speech condemning the working-class war.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Founded in 1960 as an antiwar group on college campuses.
National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
Formed in 1967 to organize large national protests of the war.
Vietnam Veterans Against the War
Formed in 1967 to harness the frustrations of returning veterans.
Fragging
The tossing of live grenades at officers during action on the field, reflecting the general discontent of soldiers.
Kent State University Shooting
National Guard shot at a demonstration against Nixon’s decision to invade Cambodia.
Jackson State University Shooting
Two African-American anti-war student demonstrators were shot and killed by state police.
Pentagon Papers
A study that revealed a pattern of official deception and secrecy. It was leaked by Ellsberg. It affirmed many of the anti-war movement’s suspicions about the Vietnam War.
Daniel Ellsberg
Pentagon official who leaked the Pentagon Papers to the press.
New York Times Co. v. United States
1971 decision that allowed newspapers to publish the Pentagon Papers after the Nixon administration obtained an injunction against publication.
Port Huron Statement
SDS manifesto, which became important to the New Left.
New Left vs. Old Left
The New Left was focused on participatory democracy and cultural/social issues, rather than the worker-orientated top down Old Left movement. The New Left developed on college campuses rather than in factories. The Old Left was closely associated with the Communist Party.
Tom Hayden
Wrote the Port Huron Statement.
Bob Dylan
Singer who verbalized many of the fears and hopes of the younger generation in the 1960’s.
San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury and New York’s Greenwich Vilage
Became the center of the Hippie movement.
Be-ins
Part of the hippie movement. It was the gathering of young people in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park or New York’s Central Park as part political protest and part spiritual and artistic festival.
Woodstock Festival
Concert that seemed to provide a glimpse of a utopian future. It embodied the counterculture movement.
Altamont Speedway Festival
Music festival that attempted to duplicate the success of the Woodstock Festival. However, the Altamont event was marred with incidents of violence
Hell’s Angels (Altamont Speedway Festival)
Stabbed a concertgoer who was armed and crazed as the Rolling Stones performed.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Crisis
Identify:
- Cause
Arab oil-producing nations cut off exports to the US and increased the price of oil. This was largely in retaliation for US support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War.
Camp David Accords
Identify:
- Sitting President
Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. It is considered one of the few successes of Jimmy Carter. It negotiated the end of hostilities between Egypt and Israel.
Anwar Sadat
President of Egypt during the Camp David Accords.
Menachem Begin
Prime minister of Israel during the Camp David Accords.
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Ousted Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi.
US Embassy Incident During Iranian Revolution
Identify:
- Sitting president
After the US admitted the deposed Shah to the US for medical treatment, angry Iranian students took over the US embassy and kept the personnel there hostage. Jimmy Carter secured their release after the election, but the personnel were not actually released until the administration of Ronald Reagan.
Carter Doctrine
Identify:
- Cause and reasoning
Stated that the US would repel any outside force that attempted to gain control of the Persian gulf region.
It was initiated to protect oil interests, especially after the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
Mujahideen
Afghani rebel group who rebelled against the pro-Soviet government.
Department of Energy
Identify:
- Sitting President
- Role in OPEC oil crisis
- Success
Created by Jimmy Carter in 1977. It encouraged conservation measures, such as turning down thermostats and turning off lights. He also encouraged investment in renewable energy.
Americans were remarkably resistant to adopting conservation measures.
National Maximum Speed Law
Identify:
- Cause
- Sitting President
- Popularity and Success
Set a national speed limit for highways. Previously, it was done by states. It was Nixon’s response to the OPEC crisis.
The law was unpopular with many drivers, with non-compliance being as high as 85%. It was especially unpopular with truckers.
Fifty-Five Miles per Hour
Speed Limit set by the National Maximum Speed Law.
Owner-Operator and Independent Drivers Association of America
Trucker ad-hoc group in response to the National Maximum Speed Law. Trucks would drive side by side in highways to impede traffic.
They showed the ability for truckers to bring commerce to a standstill.
Citizen Band (CB) Radios
Used to communicate stoppages to other truckers.
Silent Spring (Rachel Carson)
1962 book that vividly described how modern society was poisoning the Earth. It was important to the environmental movement.
DDT
Agricultural pesticide whose harm was highlighted in Silent Spring.
Two Major Participants of the Environmental Movement
New Left and anti-war movement.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Identify:
- Sitting President
Created by Nixon in 1970 to oversee regulatory and cleanup efforts.
First Earth Day
- Environmental movement gained national exposure.
Clean Air Act
EPA set standards for air quality.
Love Canal (Niagara Falls, New York)
Contained deadly toxic pollutants that caused miscarriage and birth defects. and caused calls for greater federal environmental regulation.
Superfund Program
Identify:
- Where it belonged
- Sitting President
Part of the EPA. It was created to investigate and clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances. The Love canal was the first site.
It was established under Jimmy Carter.
Clamshell Alliance and the Abalone Alliance
Environmental movement disliked nuclear energy, especially following the Three Mile Island incident.
Three Mile Island Incident
Nuclear power plant had a partial meltdown, releasing radioactive substances into the environment. It was one of several accidents that dampened support for nuclear energy.
Conservative Movement
Identify:
- Origins
Gained popularity following the election of Ronald Reagan. However, in the 1960’s, many Americans were dismayed by the protests against the Vietnam War and counterculture in general.
Split in Conservatism
Identify:
- Examples of each
“Massive Resistance” in the South and candidacy of George Wallace - angry, paranoid conservatism
National Review and candidacy of Barry Goldwater - mainstream conservatism
National Review (William F. Buckley)
Mainstream conservative magazine.
Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)
Developed by conservatives in the 1960’s. It brought together strands of conservative thought.
Sharon Statement
Founding statement of the YAF.
Barry Goldwater
Identify:
- Major Supporter
Lost to Lyndon Johnson’s reelection. Supported by YAF. His campaign represented the beginning of the ascendency of a conservative movement.
Stagflation
The occurrence of both high inflation and high unemployment.
Whip Inflation Now (WIN)
Identify:
- Sitting President
- Popularity
Gerald Ford’s public initiative. It encouraged people to curtail unnecessary spending and consumption. Supporters were encouraged to wear “WIN” Buttons.
While the economy did improve, Ford’s approval rating did not remain high enough for him to win reelection.
Torrijos-Carter Treaties
- Turned over the Panama Canal to Panama.
Agreement 1: Turning over of the Panama Canal by December 31st, 1999.
Agreement 2: Permanent neutrality, with the right of the US to interfere if any other nation challenged this.
Strom Thurmond and Jesse Helms on Torrijos-Carter Treaties
Conservative senators who were critical of the treaties for turning over a major strategic asset.
Watergate Scandal
Led to the resignation of Nixon and the loss of trust with governing institutions.
Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward of the Washington Post
Drew connections between the Watergate burglars and Nixon’s reelection committee.
United States v. Nixon
1974 decision that ordered Nixon to turn over his secret tapes of conversations in the white house.
Nixon’s Articles of Impeachment
Passed by the House Judiciary Committee, and the next step would be a full House vote on impeachment. However, before this, Nixon resigned.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
1972 push to prohibit the abridgement of equality of rights under the law .. on account of sex. It was galvanized by the Women’s liberation movement, but pushed back by conservative values of the nuclear family. It failed to get the 38 state requirement for ratification.
Phyllis Schlafly
Organized a powerful organization to push back on the ERA. She called for “positive women” to embrace femininity.
Origins of affirmative action
JFK and Lyndon B. Johnson
Bakke v. University of California
1978 decision that ruled that specific quotas for underrepresented minorities violated the 14th amendment. However, it did not prohibit race being one of the factors considered.
Allan Bakke
White student who sued UC Davis for denying him admission, supposedly due to a 16 percent affirmative action setaside.
Moral Majority
Combined Baptism with politics, which was not seen before.
Jerry Falwell
Southern Baptist pastor who started the Moral Majority movement.
I Love America Rallies
Falwell’s rallies that broke the Baptist tradition of staying away from politics.
Focus on the Family
Promoted abstinence-only approach to sex education, reintroduction of prayer and gender roles, etc.
James Dobson
Psychologist who founded Focus on the Family.
