Patterns of Empire and Resistance (1607-1754) Flashcards
Repartimiento System
Banned Indigenous slavery and mandated that Indigenous laborers had to be paid wages. However, Spain’s colonies still remained highly exploitative - authorities could still require local people to work for Spanish landlords. In many areas, Indigenous slaves were replaced with African ones.
Viceroyalty of New Spain
Administrative unit (one of two) that constituted the northern portion of the Spanish Empire, headquartered in Mexico City.
Viceroyalty of Peru
Administrative unit (one of two) that constituted the southern portion of the Spanish Empire (Spanish holdings in South America), headquartered in Lima.
Catholic Conversion of Indigenous People
Mostly successful, but Indigenous peoples often accepted Jesus amongst local gods; simultaneously, catholic practices were reshaped by Indigenous religion.
Style of French and Dutch Colonization
Few French or Dutch actually settled, and the colonies served as trading outposts instead. The colonists often intermarried with Indigenous people in order to create family connections to promote trade.
Port Royal
One of the first permanent French settlements (1605) in modern day Nova Scotia, alongside Quebec (1608).
Samuel de Champlain
Founder of Quebec
Montreal and New Orleans
Montreal was originally a small settlement established in 1642. Colonies like New Orleans were not established until the latter part of the 17th century.
French-American Indigenous Diplomacy
Identify:
- Reasons why
- Contrast to British and Spanish colonists
Since there were little French, they relied on diplomacy. Many military officers became fluent in native languages and became well versed in Indigenous diplomacy practices. Officers often married Indigenous women, which helped maintain good relationships with the Indigenous. Despite this, the Indigenous controlled the heart of the American continent. This was in stark contrast to the British and Spanish, who relied on force.
Calumet
A long-stemmed pipe that was smoked, part of French diplomacy with Indigenous Groups.
Wampum Belts
A type of gift exchanged during French diplomacy with Indigenous Groups.
Osage (French Diplomacy)
A group south of the Missouri that accepted some French agents into kinship networks.
Detroit (Fort and Trading Post)
Combined French and Indigenous elements.
Métis
Identify:
- Role of women
French for “mixed blood”: children of intermarriage between Indigenous Peoples and Europeans. Women played the role of cultural mediators and brokers for the fur trade.
Dutch Presence in the Americas
Colonies functioned more as outposts rather than permanent settlements. The Dutch were often stymied by other European powers.
Surinam
South American Dutch Colony that already had been claimed by Britain. It was later captured by the Dutch.
Treaty of Breda
Result of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Transferred the British colony of Surinam to the Dutch. Dutch relinquished control of New Amsterdam.
Henry Hudson
Commissioned by the Dutch Republic and funded by the Dutch East India Company to find the Northwest Passage. His reports of good land and trade generated further interest among Dutch Merchants.
Dutch West India Company
Chartered by the Dutch Republic to develop colonies in North America.
New Amsterdam
Most important settlement of New Netherland. Originally had little success due to a lack of settlers in its first 20 years. It soon became very diverse, with African slaves used to address the labor shortage.
Peter Minuit
Company director general of new Amsterdan. Acquired Manhattan for 24 dollars worth of goods.
24 Dollar Deal
The alleged deal between Minuit and natives that claims Manhattan was bought for 24 dollars. However, nearly everything about this deal is in question: the value of the goods, the intentions of the Indigenous, and the legitamacy of the group to sell the island.
Peter Stuyvesant
Heavy-handed governor of New Amsterdam, who was hired in 1647 by the Dutch West India Company.
Dutch Wedge
Identify:
- King who took action against it
Divided English holdings in North America. King Charles II of England sent a fleet of warships to New Amsterdam. Stuyvescant surrendered without a fight, and the colony was granted to James, the Duke of York (1664).
James, the Duke of York
First English governor of New Amsterdam, which was renamed New York.In 1667, the colony was formaly transferred to the English as part of the Treaty of Breda.
East India Company
Granted charters by the English crown based on mercantilist principles (1600). As joint-stock companies made profits on trade, investors set their sights on New World colonization.
Richard Hakluyt
Wrote an influential tract in which he argued that overseas expansion could draw off England’s surplus population and provide new markets for manufactored goods.
Ireland (English Colonization)
Identify:
- Significance for English colonialism
Colonized by the English by flooding it with a population of English and Scottish, displacing the native population. This way of colonization would be applied to New World colonization.
Jamestown, Virginia
English formed a joint stock company, the Virginia Company, to fund the expedition. First settlers arrived in 1607.
King James I
Chartered the Virginia company and tranted territory in the New World.
Starving Time
A time in Jamestown which most colonists died due to lack of experience establishing a community, growing crops, etc. Most of the colonists were male gentlemen and personal servants who were hoping to find gold and silver to simulate Spanish successes in Central and South America.
Powhatan
Identify:
- Language
- Relations with settlers
Father of Pocahontas. Part of the local Algonquian-speaking people who traded corn with the settlers of Jamestown. Relations quickly deterioated, with the English raiding the Powhatan Confederacy. Powhatan eventually organized an assault on Jamestown that resulted in the death of a quarter of the colony. The folowing year, Virginia leaders brought poisoned wine to a meeting with the Powhatan people. After another war in 1644, the Powhatan presence in the area significantly declined.
John Rolfe
jamestown planter who experimented with tobacco, which brought wealth to Jamestown. After shipments were sent to England in 1617, tobacco became very popular in England, enriching the Chesapeake Bay area. It came to become the most important crop for the Chesapeake region.
Carolina
Identify:
- Results of a tobacco economy
Area that would become North Carolina that profitted from the Tobacco economy. However, tobacco required new land only after a few years of production, leading to further encroachments on the territory of Virginia Indigenous groups. This also required large numbers of labourers, creating a need for indentured servants and slavery.
Head-right
Offer by the Chesapeake region that gave 50 acres to new immigrants upon arrival. However, this still required the immigrant to scrape together the fare needed to sail to the New World, which was about a years worth of wages.
Indentured Servitude
A potential immigrant in England would agree to contract to work as an indentured servant for a certain number of years in America in exchange for free passage.
Maryland
Similar to Virginia and focused on the cultivation of tobacco. It was the first propietary colony.
Propietary Colony
A way that the English crown tried moving away from joint-stock companies. The hope was that the propietor (owner) of the colony would be held more accountable to the Crown.
George Calver, 1st Baron Baltimore
Identify:
- King who granted the charter
First propietor of Maryland. He was a catholic who hoped to create a refuge for Catholics in the New World. He was granted a charter by King Charles I, but Calver died a few weeks after the colony was established.
Cecelius Calvert
Became the actual first propietor of Maryland after the death of his father, Geroge Calver. Almost immediately, protestants ountnumbered Catholics, but catholicism continued to be tolerated.
North Carolina
Carolina was founded in 1663 by wealthy plantation owners from Barbados. They created a system that resembled the sugar economy of Barbados. After English settlement, Carolina’s economy resembled that of the Chesapeake colonies. Tensions between the north and south of this region, who were remote from each other, led to a split that made North Carolina different from South Carolina (1712).
Puritanism
Roots found in the Portestant Reformation. They sought full reformation in England after the split with the Church initiated by King Henry VIII, and wanted the Church of England to be “purified” of Catholic practices.
Halfway Reformation
The split initiated by King Henry VIII that seperated based on political reaosns, rather than theological reasons. Many of the practices of the Church were not changed, upsetting many protestants in England.
Separatists
Puritans who argued for the complete seperation from the Church of England.
Calvinism
Believed that salvation was part of a divine plan, rather than the actions of individuals.
Predestination
Belief in divine plan for salvation, leading to anxiety. To lessen this sense of anxiety, Puritans lived lives of strict piety (prayer, righteous living, hard work).
Calling
View held by Calvinism that work on Earth was intended for the individual to do. This became a central idea to Puritanism.
Puritan Belief on Community
Believed in the importance of community, which held each other accountable to God and watched that members did not go astray. They believed that individual misdoing could result in divine punishment for the whole community.
Original Sin (Puritans)
Identify:
- View of the nature of God
Placed great emphasis on original sin and saw humanity tainted with this inheritance. Puritans saw God as closer to the vengeful, jealous God of the New Testament.
Pilgrams
A group of seperatists that fled England in 1608 to find a more hospitable religious climate in the Netherlands, who were generally tolerant. However, the leaders of the pilgrams believed that there was too much material temptation in the Netherlands, and went to America for more challenges to train religious piety.
William Bradford
Leader of the pilgrims who got permission from the British King to settle in the land granted to the Virginia Company. A joint-stock compnay funded the expedition.
The Mayflower
Ship that brought about 100 pilgrims to America, specifically at Cape Cod. However, they relized that they were North of the targeted area, and did not have legal authority to settle.
The Mayflower Compact
An agreement calling for orderly government based on the consent of the governed, which also formed the colony of Plymouth.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Far more successful than Plymouth, which struggled for its first year and failed to attract Puritans from England.
Archbishop William Laud
Identify:
- His monarch
Encouraged King Charles I to suppress the religious practices of Puritans and other non-confirming sects, around the 1620’s.
Massachusetts Bay Company
Was granted a charter that did not specify their headquarters, so was allowed to operate within the colony, giving it a high degree of autonomy. It was perhaps a charter designed to get rid of English Puritans (1629).
John Winthrop
Leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Arbella
A colonist’s ship, which landed in Salem (1630). Before it landed, Winthrop gave a sermon.
“A Model of Christian Charity”
A sermon given by Winthrop that is considered to be one of the most important orations in American history. It was given shortly before the Arbella landed in Salem. It stressed the importance of the colonist’s mission.
“A City Upon a Hill”
Important line from “A Model of Christian Charity”, where Winthrop insisted “the eyes of all people are upon us”.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Centered at Boston, which had a difficult first year. Unlike Plymouth, it soon began to thrive under John Winthrop.
Great Migration
Event in 1640 where more than 20K settlers came to Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Massachusetts Bay Colonists vs. Jamestown Colonists vs. Virginia Colonists
Massachusetts Bay Colonists were workers (farmers, carpenters, textile workers), while Virginia colonists were gentlemen and indentured servants/slaves. The Massachusetts Bay colonists were typically families, while Jamestown colonists were typically men. The Massachusetts Bay colonists focused more on labor to build the colony, rather than instant riches that motivated Jamestown colonists.
New Hampshire
Area north of Massachusetts Bay Colony settled by some Puritans. Massachusetts claimed this region in 1641, but a royal decree separated the two colonies in 1649.
Roger Williams
Devout Puritan minister who criticized mistreatment of Indigenous peoples and the church’s role in governance. He was concerned that participating in civil government would distract ministers from godly matters.
Narragansett Bay
Area where Roger Williams fled, where he established Rhode Island. Here, a distinguishing character was the separation of church and state.
Anne Hutchinson
A religious thinker who challenged contemporary gender norms by holding meetings in her house and discussing theology with men and women. She argued that ministers were not needed to communicated to believers; rather, believers were communicated to by God directly. She was excommunicated and banished by Winthrop. She and her family helped settle Rhode Island. They eventually relocated to Dutch New Netherlands, where they were killed in military conflict between the Dutch and Lenape group (1643).
Reverend Thomas Hooker
Disagreed with Winthrop over who would be admitted to the church. Winthrop argued that new members must demonstrate a conversion experience, while Hooker argued that living a godly life was enough.
Connecticut River Valley/Hartford
Colony (Hartford) founded by Hooker. Other settlements combined with Hartford to form the colony of connecticut.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Established Connecticut’s government, and was adopted in 1662.
New Haven
Town that merged with Connecticut in 1662.
The Halfway Covenant
Established in 1662 due to concerns about the decline in Puritan zeal. Previously, new members had to demonstrate a conversion experience, which was very difficult. The halfway covenant allowed for partial church membership for children of church members. Even if they did demonstrate a conversion experience, they could be baptized and become nonvoting partial members of the church.
Congregational Church
Name for the Puritan church.
Salem Witch Trials
1692 witch hunts of young girls that demonstrated the division and fracturing of the Puritan community.
William Penn
Identify:
- Monarch
King Charles II granted Penn a large tract of land to settle a debt that the king owed to Penn’s father. The colony was named Pennsylvania after Penn’s father.
Quakerism
Identify:
- How they addressed each other
Provided the guiding set of beliefs in the founding of Pennsylvania. Its approach to religion and life was radically nonhierarchical, and they saw each other as equals. They addressed each other as “friend”. They shook hands with each other rather than lower sorts bowing or removing hats to their “betters”.
Religious Society of Friends
Formal name of Quakerism.
Holy Experiment
Penn’s establishment of friendly relations with indigenous groups to show their Quaker values of equality. They practiced religious tolerance and frowned upon slavery, even though it did exist.
Philadelphia
Largest city in Pennsylvania that surpassed New York as a commercial center.
New Jersey & Delaware
Both initially settled by the Dutch
Duke of York
Gave the land adjacent to New York to two friends.
Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton
Given land adjacent to New York by the Duke of York.
Colony of New Jersey
Established by Carteret and Berkeley.
Fort Christina
Present day Wilmington, established as trading post/colony by the Swedish in 1638.
Pennsylvania’s Lower Counties
Original name for Delaware. Became effectively independent (1704).
Negro Plot of 1741
A series of unexplained fires took place in New York, leading to authorities believing there was a slave conspiracy. 150 African-Americans were arrested along with 20 whites. At least 30 people were executed, but historians often debate on the extent of the plot or even if there was one at all.
Carolina, Georgia, and British West Indies Colonies vs. Rest of British America
Identify:
- Economy
- Slavery
Carolina, Georgia, and British West Indies generally had longer cultivating/growing seasons. As such, they became very reliant on slavery. The population was significantly less, but there was a much higher ratio of slaves to whites. In most cases, slaves made up most of the population.
Barbados
Identify:
- Economic crop
- Comparison to farmers in Virginia
Barbados relied on sugarcane, which was expensive in England. Since sugarcane had high initial starting costs, it favored wealthy plantation owners. As such, colonizers in Barbados were often richer; about 4 times as much. Barbados also had many more slaves, but there Barbados slaves were much less likely to start families due to the lack of women (men outnumbered women 2:1).
Initial Settlers of Carolina
Mostly planters who migrated from Barbados. As a result, the economy of Carolina more resembled that of Barbados rather than Virginia.
Georgia
Identify:
- Purpose
The British wanted to establish a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida.
James Oglethorpe
Identify:
- Policy on “Deserving Poor”
Britain granted a charter to him to establish the colony of Georgia (1732). He mandated military service, and aimed to create a colony of the deserving poor. However, very few of the deserving poor met his requirements. As such, many Carolinians came to Georgia instead and brought slavery to Georgia. In 1752, Oglethorpe ceded control of Georgia to the Crown.
Deserving Poor
Referred to people who were poor but who were not responsible for being poor.
Self-Government
Great Britain was relatively lax with the North American colonies. In theory, there were Crown-appointed governors. However, in all cases, colonial legislatures existed that controlled taxes. As such, they came to have a great amount of leverage against the governors (power of the purse).
Colonial Legislature
Dealt with local matters, such as taxes. Governors came to rely on these taxes, so the colonial legislatures were able to leverage this against the governors.
Power of the Purse
The power colonial legislatures held against royal governors such the legislatures controlled taxes.
New England Town Meetings
Identify:
- Type of government
Face-to-face decision-making assemblies that were open to all free male residents of a town. They made important decisions and selected selectman to carry governing functions. This was a form of direct democracy that allowed high citizen participation in decisions.
Selectmen
Carried out governing functions until the next New England town meeting.
House of Burgesses
Identify:
- Reason for decline
Created by the Virginia Company in 1619. It was created by the company in order to have a representative assembly that allowed all free men to vote. However, voting rights eventually became exclusive to wealthy men. Over time, the House of Burgesses became less powerful and more exclusive, as smaller planters were barred from voting.
Virginia Company
Founded the colony of Virginia as a profit-generating venue.
Triangle Trade
Europe to Africa, manufactured goods from Europe is trades for slaves -> Africa to Americas, slaves are carried to work in plantations -> Americas to Europe, raw materials produced on plantations are shipped to be manufactured.
Slave trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa
Identify:
- Method
- Consequences for Africa
Thriving business in the 18th century. Europeans encouraged the men of African coastal towns to go into the interior to kidnap members of other tribal groups. Manufactured items were traded for these slaves. The slave trade worsened ethnic and societal tensions, which destabilized the region.
Middle Passage
Passage where Africans were transported to the New World in deadly conditions.
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
Most well known account of the middle passage by an African. This was an autobiographical book published in 1789.
Crops of the Lower South
Indigo and Rice.
Most profitable British New World Colony
West Indies
Middle Colonies
Pennsylvania and New York. Settlers were mostly German and Scots-Irish, who developed the cultivation of wheat and other cereal crops.
Redemptioners
- Compare to indentured servants
- Payoff in New World
Transported to the New World by sea captains. They promised to pay for their passage when they reached the New World by either borrowing money from a friend/relative, or by contracting years of servitude.
Redemptioners were at a disadvantage compared to indentured servants. Indentured servants could negotiate their contract back in Europe, while redemptioners were often not able to negotiate effectively.
After their servitude, redemptioners often profited greatly, especially in Pennsylvania; the standard of living for typical Pennsylvania farmers was higher than other comparable regions.
New England Economy
Identify:
- Main exports
Did not have profitable export crops, so farmers tended to grow crops for local consumption. The main exports were salted fish (mostly cod), livestock, and timber. They acquired molasses from the West Indies and distilled it into rum, which became an important export after 1700.
Reason why New England’s population was very homogenously English
After a wave of Puritan migrations in the 1600’s, most immigrants decided to go to the middle colonies. Many New Englanders even left during the 18th century. The region was thus grown through natural reproduction, rather than the arrival of settlers and slaves as in the middle colonies and the South.
Huron Tribe
Identify:
- Reason for decline
Indigenous group in Ontario. They went into sharp decline after interactions with French settlers and Jesuit priests resulted in measles and smallpox that killed 1/2-2/3 of their population.
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer that was the first to make contact with the Huron Tribe.
Iroquois relation with Huron
Identify:
- Significance in diplomacy within Indigenous groups.
The Iroquois were supplied with firearms by their Dutch allies. They drove the Huron to an island in Georgian bay, where a large amount of Huron died. Eventually, they settled in Quebec and the Lake Michigan region.
The Iroquois raids of the Huron upended traditional methods of resolving conflict between groups due to the intensity of the warfare brought by the Europeans.
Georgian Bay, Ontario
Location of Huron relocation after raids by the Iroquois.
Catawba
Identify:
- Consequences to interacting with Europeans
American Southeast people that attempted to make themselves useful to advancing settlers in order to ensure their own survival. They established contact with colonial towns in South Carolina, where worked as traveling peddlers, selling pottery, baskets, and moccasins.
Sustained contact with settlers resulted in the nature of basket-making and pottery as a result of ancient practices being transformed to meet higher demand. While relations with Europeans were generally good, it eroded traditional cultural ways.
Effect of alcohol on the Catawba People
Identify:
- Cause of alcoholism
Alcohol was used as a form of payment for traded goods. As a result, there was an increased amount of brawls and instability within the Catawba communities.
Mercantilism
Identify:
- How it promoted colonialism
Set of economic and political ideas that held that only a limited amount of wealth existed in the world, so nations had to increase their power by increasing their share in the world’s wealth. One way they did this was by having the value of exports exceeding the value of imports.
As such, mercantilism promoted colonialism so that powers could have a steady and inexpensive flow of raw materials. The theory also held that colonies should not develop manufacturing, but rather rely on their mother country.
Navigation Acts
A way to apply mercantilist principles. It defined the colonies as a supplier of raw materials to Britain and a market of manufactured goods for the British.
Enumerated Goods
Identify:
-Pros and Cons for the colonies
Goods from the colonies that could only be shipped to Britain. While colonies did have a constant buyer, they could not always negotiate the highest price for their goods.
Wool Act, Hat Act, Iron Act
Restricted colonial manufacturing in British colonies.
Fate of charter and proprietary colonies (17th century)
Taken over by the crown and became royal colonies in a bid for more centralized control.
Transfer of Virginia to the crown
Identify:
- Reason
King James I revoked the charter of the Virginia Company in 1624, as he had become alarmed at the violence directed against Indigenous groups as well as the high mortality rate amongst colonists and the general level of mismanagement in the colony.
English Civil War
Identify:
- Relationship between King Charles II and New England as a result
War where Charles I was executed. As a result, Charles II grew increasingly resentful of the New Englanders, and sent an agent to investigate New England practices. The agent found that New Englanders were not living in conformity with mercantilist laws. As a result, the crown revoked all charters of colonies north of the Delaware River.
Dominion of New England
Identify
- Fate
Massive colony formed following the charters of New England territories being revoked.
During the Glorious Revolution, New Englanders arrested Edmund Andros and dissolved the Dominion of New England.
Sir Edmund Andros
Identify:
- Policies & popularity
Royal appointee who ruled over the Dominion of New England.
The puritans were shocked at Andro’s support for the Anglican Church and refusal to enforce Sabbath Laws. Colonists believed that he was rescinding their rights as Englishmen.
Glorious Revolution
Deposed the Catholic James II in a bloodless coup led by William of Orange and Mary II. The revolution ended absolute monarchy and gave more power to parliament.
English Bill of Rights
Established after the Glorious Revolution.
Salutary Neglect
Lax enforcement by the British on its 13 colonies as a result to expensive and difficult enforcement. It came to characterize the relationship between Britain and its 13 colonies.
Robert Walpole
Salutary neglect is attributed to him, since he urged the Crown not to excessively interfere with the profitable trade in the North American colonies.
The Beaver Wars
A deadly series of events that were caused by competition in the fur trade, exasperated by the presence of firearms which was traded for fur. The conflict was between the Dutch-allied Iroquois and the French-allied Algonquian-speaking tribes (notably the Huron).
Great Peace of Montreal
Ended the Beaver Wars. The British had allied themselves with Iroquois, significantly contributing to their victory.
French and Indian Wars
Series of 4 wars that ended French presence in North America. The wars increased the bonds between British colonists and the British government.
King William’s War (Nine Years’ War)
First of the French and Indian Wars. It started with a conflict in Europe between France and an alliance of countries that included Britain. American Indigenous groups aligned with the British (including the Iroquois) fought with French; groups in New York and Canada. Fighting also occurred when British colonists encroached on the territory of Acadia.
Grand Settlement of 1701
Negotiated by the Iroquois to end King William’s War. For the next 50 years, the Iroquois were primarily neutral in wars over the control of North America.
Queen Anne’s War
Second of the French-Indian Wars. It occurred on the Canadian-American border. Fighting also occurred in Spanish Florida, resulting in a Franco-Spanish alliance. The war did not settle boundary issues, but weakened the Spanish presence in Florida and devastated the Indigenous groups there.
Wabanaki Confederacy during Queen Anne’s War
Led a destructive raid with French support and Deerfield, Massachusetts.
Chickasaw and Choctaw people during Queen Anne’s War
British supported the Chickasaw in procuring slaves from their traditional enemy, the Choctaw, who were supported in turn by French Fur Traders.
Apalachee during Queen Anne’s War
Allied with the French and Spanish to challenge British presence in the South.
King George’s War
Third of the French-Indian Wars. It saw the siege of the Fortress of Louisbourg by New England soldiers, with the French and Indigenous forces destroying Saratoga. In the peace treaty, the British returned the Fortress of Louisbourg, which angered the northern colonies, who had lost a great number of men to occupying the siege.
The Pequot War
Settlements of the Puritans that pushed Indigenous groups more into the interior. During this time, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth worked with the Narragansett and Mohegan peoples to defeat the Pequots.
Narragansett and the Mohegan during the Pequot War
Worked with the colonists of Massachusetts Bay and the Plymouth in order to defeat the Pequots.
King Philip’s War
War between the Wampanoags and the Pilgrims over the encroachment of Pilgrims into Wampanoag land. The war started over the killing of a Christianized Wampanoag, which resulted in the execution of three Wampanoags in a Plymouth court. The Wampanoags retaliated with an attack on a string of Massachusetts towns, which killed over a thousand colonists. The Pilgrims received support from the Mohawks, who were longtime enemies of the Wampanoags. The war was the deadliest wars of European settlement in regards to the percentage of each side killed.
Chief Massasoit
Leader of the Wampanoag who forged an alliance with the Pilgrims about 50 years before King Philip’s War. He was the grandfather of Metacomet (King Philip).
Metacomet
Identify:
- Name to colonists
Known as King Philip. He led the Wampanoag in King Philip’s War, but was killed by a group of Mohawks.
Praying Towns and Praying Indians
Identify:
- Contrast to French Jesuit missionaries’ treatment of Indigenous towns.
Indigenous towns which had converted to Christianity. However, they were seen as second-class citizens by the Puritans. The Puritans insisted that converts wear European style clothing and abandon their culture. On the other hand, French Jesuits in Canada accepted that Indigenous groups may combine elements of Catholicism with their local religion.
Relationship between English goals in North America and racial hierarchy developed by the British.
Earlier, the goal of the English was the maintain peace due to the precarious nature of the English settlements. However, after the settlements were stable, the English settlers’ goal switched to acquiring more land. To justify the wars with Indigenous groups, the English developed the term “savagery” to describe Indigenous groups.
Pueblo Revolt (Popé’s Rebellion)
Contrast with:
- British clashes with native peoples
Pueblo Indians in New Mexico had come to resent the Spanish encomienda system, as well as the outlawing of Pueblo religious practices. The revolt centered around Santa Fe and resulted in attacks on Spanish Franciscan priests as well as ordinary Spaniards. The Spanish fled, but came back later in decade. As a result of the uprising, a public defender was appointed to protect native rights and allowed the Pueblo to continue their cultural practices. Each Pueblo family was also granted land.
The result of the uprising came into sharp contrast with British clashes with Indigenous groups, which often resulted in Indigenous removal/eradication.
Problem with Indentured Servitude (specifically Virginia)
At the end of their indenture, indentured servants were generally not integrated into Virginian society. They moved into the hilly piedmont region and grew resentful of the taxes they had to pay to the Virginia government and the lack of representation in the House of Burgesses.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Identify:
- Shift in Virginia society
Result of long standing tensions between former indentured servants and Virginia. Nathanial Bacon, a low level planter, championed the cause of frontier farmers. He led a group of frontier farmers into Jamestown and burned the homes of elite planters and the capital. However, he died of disease and the rebellion was soon put down.
After the rebellion, Virginia planters turned increasingly to African slavery as their primary labor force.
Governor William Berkeley (Bacon’s Rebellion)
Refused to offer help to Bacon and his forces in fighting American Indigenous groups, since wealthy Virginians engaged in profitable trading with American Indigenous groups.
John Casor
An indentured servant of African descent that was declared by a civil court to be a slave for life. This represented an important turning point in the shift toward permanent enslavement.
Partus Sequitur Ventrum
Virginia law that stated that the child of a slave woman would inherit its mother’s status, which broke with English common law in which only the father’s status mattered. It sanctioned the rape of slave women by their white owners.
Shift in language used by English settlers in the 17th century
Initially referred to “negroes” to using “black”, which had very negative overtones for English people. This is also where the term “white person” comes from, a color that denoted purity and beauty.
Stono Rebellion
Most prominent slave rebellion during the colonial era. It was initiated by twenty slaves who had obtained weapons. Twenty slave masters were killed and half a dozen plantations were plundered. The rebellion was quickly put down and the participants were beheaded with their heads being placed on mileposts on the road.
Lesser forms of resistance toward slavery
Occurred daily, such as working slowly or breaking tools. Slaves also maintained cultural connections to Africa, maintaining traditional names and practices.
Great Awakening
Event where several ministers aimed to infuse a new passion into religious practice after Protestantism began to lose popularity in the colonies.
George Whitefield
Great Awakening preacher who visited the North American colonies seven times and increased zeal in the colonies.
Jonathan Edward’s “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
Famous sermon during the Great Awakening.
Great Awakening vs. Puritan Ideas
The Great Awakening’s message was that anyone could be saved and that people could make choices in their lives that would affect their afterlife. This contrasted with “original sin” and predestination.
Religious tolerance in British Colonies in the mid-eighteenth century
After the Great Awakening, acceptance of dissenting Protestant denominations became widespread. Other religions, such as Sephardic Jews, added to religious diversity of colonial America. The religious tolerance eventually led to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution.
Deism
Identify:
- Relationship with Enlightenment
Many educated colonists moved away from Puritanism and other faiths and adopted deism. In deism, God is seen as a non-interfering God. He created the world and a series of natural laws - this lined with the beliefs of the Enlightenment.
John Peter Zenger
Created the New York Weekly Journal
Benjamin Franklin (newspaper)
Responsible for the Pennsylvania Gazette.
High Church
Conservative and ritualistic sect of Anglicanism.
William Laud
Archbishop of Canterbury whose strict interpretation of the high church dogma led to the rise of oppositional Puritanism and the exodus of Puritans to the New World.
Low Church
A more reform-minded approach to religion that combined Enlightenment rationalism with theology.
Latitudinarians
Members of the low church who rejected superstition and rigidity. They gained a footnote in England and the colonies.
John Leverett Jr
President of Harvard University that moved the university toward the Low Church.
Edict of Nantes
Allowed Calvinist Protestants in France to practice their religion in the predominantly catholic country.
Huguenots
Calvinist Protestants in France.
Baruch Spinoza
Dutch philosopher form a Portuguese Jewish family that embraced the idea of religious tolerance.
John Locke (religious tolerance)
Wrote “A Letter Concerning Toleration” that called for toleration of different Christian Sects amidst concerns of a Catholic ascendancy to the throne of England.
Voltaire (religious tolerance)
Wrote “A Treatise on Toleration” in response to John Locke, echoing religious tolerance but for all faiths.
Act of Religious Toleration
Maryland law that guaranteed rights to most Christian denominations. This law did not apply for sects that did not believe in the Holy Trinity.
Flushing Remonstrance
Sent to Peter Stuyvesant to lift his ban on Quaker worship.
Jacob Leisler
New Yorker who led rebels to take over power from royal authorities. They drove Andros’s lieutenant general into exile, captured Fort James, and established a new government.
Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore
Catholic absentee proprietor that was deposed by Protestants in Maryland.
John Locke
Insisted that the primary role of government was to protect “natural rights”, such as life, liberty, and property.
Thomas Hobbes
Emphasized the selfish and brutish nature of humanity, which needed ironfisted rulers to keep them in line.
John Locke vs. Thomas Hobbes
Locke agreed about the self-interested nature of humans, but was much more optimistic about the ability of humans to use reasons and to make sound decisions about governance.
Country Party
Group of writers/reformers that criticized the British government’s corruption, wastefulness, and tyranny. They were characterized to represent the interest of their entire country. These ideas became popular with American colonists
Court Party
Opposite of the Country Party because its members operated within the inner sanctum of power in London.
Criticisms of Robert Walpole by the Country Party
Walpole allegedly amassed power and wealth at the expense of the elected MP’s.
Commonwealth Men
Members of the Country Party.
Cato
A popular Country Party essayist. The name was borrowed from the political opponent of Julius Caesar.
John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon
Used the pseudonym Cato.
Cato’s Letters
Essays frequently circulated in the colonies. It was later collected in “Essays on Liberty, Civil and Religious” to condemn corruption within Britain and warn against tyranny. It was frequently cited by the Patriot cause during the American Revolution.
Libel
Contrast
- British and Colonist laws
A written false statement that harmed someone else. In Great Britain, most printed criticisms of public officials were considered libelous. However, in the colonies, courts ruled that critical items were not libelous if they were truthful.
John Peter Zenger
A NYC publisher who was arrested for libel against the royal governor. He was acquitted by the jury since they ruled that the articles were truthful. This made newspaper publishers/editors more willing to publish articles critical of royal authorities.
