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Pharmacy Biostatistics > The Measurement > Flashcards

The Measurement Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive Statistics is what?

A

Concerned with the presentation, organization, and summarization of sample data

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2
Q

Inferential Statistics is what?

A

Allows us to generalize or make inferences from our sample of data to a larger group of subjects (population)

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3
Q

What is the population?

A

The largest collection of persons for which we have an interest at a particular time

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4
Q

What are inferential statistics used to analyze?

A

Used to make an educated guess about the population parameter

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5
Q

What are descriptive statistics used to calculate what?

A

Mean from the sample data

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6
Q

What is the Statistic Number?

A

The number we get from the people (study) we have that we use to estimate the parameter we will have

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7
Q

What is the variable?

A

What is being observed or measured

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8
Q

What is the constant?

A

A measurement that stays the same from observation to observation

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9
Q

What are the two categories under Quantitative?

A

Continuous or Discrete

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10
Q

What are the types of variables under continuous?

A

Interval and Ratio

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11
Q

What are the types of variables under discrete?

A

Ratio

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12
Q

What is an interval variable?

A

Equal distance; arbitrary zero (neg value has meaning)

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13
Q

What is a continuous ratio variable?

A

Equal distance; meaningful zero (neg value has NO meaning)

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14
Q

What is discrete ratio variable?

A

Equal distance; variable only exists in whole numbers, meaningful zero

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15
Q

Discrete Variable

A

Categorical Variable; variable that can have one one of a limited set of values or only whole numbers

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16
Q

What is a Nominal Scale

A

Categorical; no implied order among the categories

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17
Q

What does dichotomous mean?

A

2 categories

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18
Q

Can a nominal scale have more than 2 categories?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What is an Ordinal Scale?

A

Consist of ordered categories, where the differences between categories cannot be considered equal

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20
Q

What is a Continuous Variable?

A

Numeric variable; that may take an infinite number of values within a given range

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21
Q

Does a continuous variable posses gaps/interruptions like a discrete variable?

A

No, continuous variables do NOT need to be whole numbers

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22
Q

What is an Interval Scale?

A

Continuous; equal distance between values, but the zero point is arbitrary

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23
Q

What is an example of the interval scale?

A

Temperature, size 0 degrees does not mean nothing

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24
Q

What is a Ratio Scale?

A

Continuous; has equal intervals between values and a meaningful zero point, which represents absence of the characteristic being measured

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25
Q

What variable can fit as a ratio scale?

A

Discrete variable when the variable exists ONLY in whole numbers

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26
Q

What does NOIR mean?

A

Nominal: named categories
Ordinal: same as nominal + ordered categories
Interval: same as ordinal + equal intervals
Ratio: same as interval + meaningful zero

27
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The intervention, or what is being manipulated

28
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The outcome of interest that should change in response to some intervention

29
Q

Ex. New medication that treats pain and one of the suspected side effects is nausea, if the patient rates nausea on a scale from 1-10 what is the level of measurement?

A

Ordinal, there is an order

30
Q

What is the Central Tendency?

A

A single value that is considered ‘typical’ of the set of data as a whole

31
Q

What are the 3 most commonly used measures?

A

Arithmetic Mean IR
Median OIR
Mode NOIR

32
Q

What is the mode?

A

Value that occurs most frequently, can be used with all types of data

33
Q

What is the only measure of central tendency that can be used with nominal data?

A

Mode, measure there can be no mode or more than 1 mode

34
Q

What is the median?

A

The middle, (n+1)/2 when ordered by smallest to largest

35
Q

In ordinal data or finite set the interval/ratio data is what?

A

Median

36
Q

What are the properties of Median?

A

Uniqueness: there is only one for a data set
Simplicity: easy to calculate
Not as drastically affected by extreme values

37
Q

What is Arithmetic Mean?

A

Interval and Ratio Data
Add all the values and divide by the total number of values

38
Q

What is the terminology for Arithmetic Mean?

A

μ = population mean
Σ = sum
Xi = individual observations
N = population size
X̄ = sample mean
n = sample size

39
Q

What are the properties of the mean?

A

Uniqueness: only one for a given data set
Simplicity: easily understood and easy to compute
Every value in a set of data enters into computation, it is affected by each value

40
Q

What is the range?

A

Difference between the highest and lowest values

41
Q

Is range a good or poor measurement of dispersion?

A

Usefulness is limited since it only takes two values into account = POOR measure

42
Q

What is the Interquartile Range IQR?

A

Reflects the variability of the middle 50% of the observations

43
Q

What is the formula for IQR?

A

Qu - Ql or Q3-Q1

44
Q

What is Qu or Q3?

A

Median of upper half

45
Q

What is Ql or Q1?

A

Median of lower half

46
Q

Is IQR a good or poor measurement of dispersion?

A

Less affected by a few extreme scores = MORE USEFUL measure

47
Q

What is the Variance?

A

Measures the dispersion relative to the scatter of the values about their mean

48
Q

How does dispersion affect Variance?

A

Values that lie close to their mean = decreased dispersion
If you have 2 dispersions with the same mean number the distribution of the dispersion determines the variance

49
Q

What is the formula for Variance?

A

Sample Variance = (1 point in the set - sample mean) ^2

Take all those points and divide by the total number of points in the set n (sample size)

50
Q

What is Standard Deviation?

A

The square root of the variance

Simply square root the variance to find SD

51
Q

What is the difference between Sample SD and Population SD?

A

The denominator, the “n” vs “N”
Use ‘n’ sample size for Sample SD or use ‘N’ population size for Population SD

52
Q

What is the measure of central tendency for Nominal Data?

A

Mode

53
Q

What is the measure of dispersion for Nominal Data?

A

Index of Dispersion
0 = when all ratings fall into 1 category
1 - when all ratings are equally divided among categories

54
Q

What the measure of central tendency for Ordinal Data?

A

Mode or Median

55
Q

What is the measure of dispersion for Ordinal Data?

A

Range or IQR

56
Q

What is the measure of central tendency for Interval Data?

A

Mean, Median, or Mode

57
Q

What is the measure of dispersion for Interval Data?

A

Range, IQR, or SD

58
Q

What is the measure of central tendency for Ratio Data?

A

Mean, Median, or Mode

59
Q

What is the measure of dispersion for Ratio Data?

A

Range, IQR, or SD

60
Q

What is Negative Skewness?

A

The long ‘tail’ is pointing towards the negative numbers

61
Q

What is Positive Skewness?

A

The long ‘tail’ is pointing towards the positive numbers

62
Q

How is M/M/M ranked in negatively skewed data?

A

Mode > Median > Mean

63
Q

How is M/M/M ranked in positively skewed data?

A

Mean > Median > Mode

Pharmacy Biostatistics (17 decks)

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