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Pharmacy Biostatistics > Non-Parametric Group Comparisons > Flashcards

Non-Parametric Group Comparisons Flashcards

1
Q

What are Parametric Statistics?

A
  1. Assume data follow a normal distribution
  2. Make inferences about data parameters
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2
Q

What are the advantages of Parametric Statistics?

A
  1. More accurate and precise
  2. More statistical power, less Type II Errors
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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of Parametric Statistics?

A
  1. Not very robust, cannot be used if assumptions are violated
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4
Q

What are Non-Parametric Statistics?

A
  1. Do NOT make assumptions about normal distributions
  2. Do NOT make inferences about data parameters
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5
Q

What are the advantages of Non-Parametric Statistics?

A
  1. Simple
  2. More robust = Heterogeneity of Variance
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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of Non-Parametric Statistics?

A
  1. Less statistical power
  2. Not well suited for numeric interpretation
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7
Q

For interval or ratio, continuous data what type applications would be used?

A

Parametric Stats

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8
Q

What tests are considered Parametric Statistics?

A
  1. Paired T-Test
  2. Independent T-Test
  3. ANOVA
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9
Q

For nominal or ordinal, discrete data what type applications would be used?

A

Non-Parametric Stats

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10
Q

What tests are considered Non-Parametric Statistics?

A
  1. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
  2. McNemar Test
  3. Fisher Exact Test
  4. Wilcoxon Mann Whitney Test
  5. Kruskal-Wallis Test
  6. Chi-Square Tests
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11
Q

If data is interval or ratio that demonstrates NOT normal distribution or have heterogeneous variance, what type of statistics should be used?

A

Non-Parametric Statistics

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12
Q

If continuous data in a Paired T Test does not meet parametric assumption, what test should you shift to?

A

Wilcoxon Sign Test

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13
Q

If continuous data in an Independent T Test does not meet parametric assumption, what test should you shift to?

A

Wilcoxon Mann Whitney Test

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14
Q

If continuous data in an ANOVA Test does not meet parametric assumption, what test should you shift to?

A

Kruskal Wallis Test

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15
Q

What are the 3 ways to check of the data’s distribution is normal?

A
  1. Kolmogrove-Smirnov or Shapiro-Walk Tests
  2. Skewness
  3. Mean-Median-Mode
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16
Q

For Skewness what are the ranges for normal vs skewed?

A
  1. Between -1 to +1 = moderately normal
  2. <-1 or >+1 = skewed
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17
Q

If the continuous data innervation or ratio distribution deviates from normal based on the tests, what should be done?

A

Use the equivalent Non-Parametric test

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18
Q

In a test of normality such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov or Shapiro Will test what do the hypotheses mean?

A

H0: normal distribution
HA: non-normal distribution

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19
Q

If p-value is less than 0.05 in a test of normality, what does that mean?

A

Reject the H0, data is non-normal in distribution = use Non-Parametric Test

20
Q

In a test of normality such as Skewness what does a negatively skewed data mean?

A

Mode > Median > Mean

21
Q

In a test of normality such as Skewness what does a positively skewed data mean?

A

Mean > Median > Mode

22
Q

For skewness, how does negatively and positively skewed data fall on the chart?

A

Negatively = tail points towards negative numbers
Positively = tail points towards positive numbers

23
Q

Non-Parametric tests for Comparing Groups, 2 DEPENDENT groups, which ones are used in ORDINAL Dependent/Outcome variables?

A
  1. Sign Test
  2. Wilcoxon Signed Ranked Test
24
Q

Non-Parametric tests for Comparing Groups, 2 DEPENDENT groups, which ones are used in DICHOTOMOUS Dependent/Outcome variables?

A

McNemar Test

25
Q

Non-Parametric tests for Comparing Groups, 2 INDEPENDENT groups, which ones are used in ORDINAL Dependent/Outcome variables?

A

Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney Test

26
Q

Non-Parametric tests for Comparing Groups, 2 INDEPENDENT groups, which ones are used in DICHOTOMOUS Dependent/Ouctome variables?

A
  1. Chi-Square Test of Homogeneity or Independence
  2. Fisher Exact
27
Q

Non-Parametric tests for Comparing Groups, >2 INDEPENDENT groups, which ones are used in ORDINAL Dependent/Outcome variables?

A

Kruskal-Wallis Test

28
Q

Non-Parametric tests for Comparing Groups, >2 INDEPENDENT groups, which ones are used in DICHOTOMOUS Dependent/Outcome variables?

A

Chi-Square Test of Homogeneity or Independence

29
Q

What is the Signed Test?

A

Used with DEPENDENT groups, comparison between baseline and post treatment

30
Q

What type of data is used in a Signed Test?

A

Can be used for analysis of ordinal, interval, or ratio data BUT MUST BE converted to ORDINAL data options of +, no change, or -

31
Q

The Signed Test looks at what?

A
  1. Test Direction of Changes
  2. Number WITH change is compared to number with OPPOSITE direction of or NO change
32
Q

What would the H0 of a Signed Test be?

A

N (-signs) = N (+ or no change signs)
N= number of signs

33
Q

What is a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test?

A

Used with DEPENDENT groups, comparison b/t baseline and post, compare RANKINGS among 2 DEPENDENT groups

34
Q

What does the Wilxocon Signed Rank Test show?

A

Test Direction and Magnitude of Changes

35
Q

What is the H0 of a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test?

A

Group Median Pre = Group Median Post
Compares differences between GROUP MEDIANS

36
Q

What is the data that is used in Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test?

A

Same as Signed Rank

37
Q

Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test when compared to others is what?

A
  1. More POWERFUL than sign test
  2. More SENSITIVE than paired t-test when n<50
38
Q

In a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, you compare smallest absolute value (T) to a critical value and what?

A
  1. n < 15 use Wilcoxon Critical Value (W)
  2. n > 15 use z-test
39
Q

A positive and negative ranking in Wilcoxon Signed Rank means what?

A

+ = POST greater
- = PRE greater

40
Q

What is the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney Test?

A

Used with ORDINAL data, measures the rank patients from low to high

41
Q

What is the H0 in a Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney Test?

A

No difference in the distribution of the scores in each group, no difference in the sum of ranks for each group

42
Q

What is a Kruskal-Wallis Test?

A

ONE Way ANOVA
ORDINAL Data if there are more than 2 independent groups

43
Q

What does the Kruskal-Wallis Test use for analysis?

A

MEAN RANKS instead of sum of ranks

44
Q

What is the H0 of a Kruskal-Wallis Test?

A

Mean Rank a = Mean Rank b = Mean Rank c

45
Q

If Kruskal Wallis has >5 subjects per group, then use what?

A

Use x^2 distribution with (k-1) degrees of freedom, where k is the number of groups

Pharmacy Biostatistics (17 decks)

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