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Reproductive System > The Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is hydrocoele?

A

Excess fluid in tunica vaginalis

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2
Q

How do you diagnose a hydrocoele?

A

Trans illuminate testi > will glow if filled with fluid

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3
Q

Outline the arterial blood supply to the testis

A
  • Testicular arteries from the abdominal aorta at
    L1
  • symmetrical on both sides
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4
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the testis

A
  • via the pampiniform plexus
  • right testicular vein > IVC
  • left testicular vein > left renal vein > IVC
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5
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the testis

A

Via the para-aortic lymph nodes

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6
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum

A

Inguinal lymph nodes

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7
Q

What is Bell-clapper deformity?
What can happen in boys with this deformity?

A

Tunica vaginalis lacks a normal attachment to testis > hangs freely

Testicular torsion

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8
Q

Outline the rule of three of spermatic cord

A
  • 3 fascial layers
  • 3 arteries/veins
  • 3 nerves
  • 3 others
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9
Q

Name the 3 fascial layers of the spermatic cord

A
  • internal spermatic fascia
  • cremasteric fascia
  • external spermatic fascia
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10
Q

3 arteries and accompanying vein of spermatic cord

A
  • testicular artery/vein (pampiniform plexus)
  • arteries + veins from the vas
  • cremasteric vein + artery
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11
Q

3 nerves of the spermatic cord

A
  • autonomic - sympathics to vas
  • genital branch of genitofemornal nerve - motor to cremaster
  • ilioinguinal nerve - sensory to part of external genitals + upper inner thigh on top of
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12
Q

Why does the pampiniform plexus surround the testicular artery?

A
  • artery pump helps venous return
  • cooling effect of the blood
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13
Q

3 others of the spermatic cord

A
  • vas/ductus deferens
  • lymphatics
  • patent processes vaginalis
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14
Q

What does ‘point and shoot’ refer to?

A

Parasympathic > erection
Sympathetic > ejaculation

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15
Q

What does ‘water under the bridge refer to’ in men?

A

The ureter passes under the vas

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16
Q

Briefly outline the process of a vasectomy

A
  • under general anaesthetic
  • Small cut in scrotal skin
  • vas deferens is cut
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17
Q

What accessory glands contribute to the volume of semen?

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral glands
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18
Q

What are the accessory glands which secrete semen?
What is their percentage composition?

A
  • seminal vesicles ~65%
  • prostate gland ~25%
  • bulbourethrel glands ~1%
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19
Q

Function of fluid produced by seminal vesicles

A
  • nutrition for sperm
  • alkaline > neutralises acidic environment of vagina
20
Q

Describe the ejaculatory fluid produced by the prostate gland

A
  • contains proteolysis enzymes
  • mildly acidic
21
Q

Function of fluid produced by bulbourethral glands

A

Reduces friction
Pre-ejaculate

22
Q

Outline the process of an erection

A
  • initiated by parasympathetic stimulation
  • release of NO causes GTP > cGMP
  • vasodilation > increase blood flow to corpus cavernosum
    .
  • ischocavernosus + bulbospongiosus contract > helps blood stay in erect penis > rigidity
23
Q

What is the cremasteric reflex?

A

Stroking of the inner thigh causes the cremaster muscle to contract > ipsilateral testicle moves up

24
Q

Outline the route of sperm from the testicles to the penis

A
  • sperm develop in the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testicles
  • sperm ‘learn how to swim’ in the epididymis
  • exit in the vas deferens of the spermatic cord
  • spermatic cord enters the body via the inguinal canal + splits into the vas and the blood supply
  • vas deferens meets the seminal vesicle > ejaculatory duct
  • pass through the prostate gland
  • prostatic urethra > membranous urethra > bulbous urethra > penile urethra
25
Q

What are the male urethral divisions?

A

Pre prostatic > prostatic > membranous > bulbous > penile

26
Q

What cells make up seminiferous tubules?
What are their function?

A
  • Sertoli cells - spermatogenesis
  • Leydig cells - produce testosterone
27
Q

Function of the Sertoli cells

A

Spermatogenesis

28
Q

Function of leydig cells

A

Produce testosterone

29
Q

What are the two tissue types of the penis?

A

Corpus spongiosum
Corpus cavernosum

30
Q

Differentiate between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancers in terms of the zone affected?

A
  • BPH: transitional zone
  • prostatic cancers: peripheral zone
31
Q

What part of the prostate is affected in benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Transitional zone

32
Q

What part of the prostate tends to be affected in prostate cancers?

A

Peripheral zone

33
Q

Describe the cross sectional structure of the penis

A

‘Like ET’
- Corpus cavernosum: larger double circles surrounded by tunica albuginea
- Corpus spongiosum: smaller singular circle containing the urethra

34
Q

What is the tunica albuginea and what is its function?

A
  • a ring around the corpus cavernous
  • gives penis cylindrical shape
35
Q

What is a fractured penis?

A

Rupture of the tunica albuginea

36
Q

Where do the testicular arteries branch off the abdominal aorta?

A

L1

37
Q

What pulls the testes through the abdominal wall muscles?

A

Gubernaculum

‘Like a finger in cling film’

38
Q

What do leydig cells contain a lot of?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

Where do the testes initially develop i the embryonic period?

A

Posterior abdominal wall

40
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

Swelling of the scrotum due to increased hydrostatic pressure in pampiniform plexus

41
Q

Which testicle is more likely to form a varicocele and why?

A

Left
Pampiniform plexus drains into left renal vein then IVC

42
Q

Urinary symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A
  • frequent urination
  • urgency of urination
  • incontinence
43
Q

What is the blood supply to the penis?

A
  • internal pudendal artery
  • a branch of the internal iliac artery
44
Q

What prevents semen from entering the bladder during ejaculation?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

45
Q

What needs to be considered in a transgender man?

A

They may still have a cervix so may need cervical screening

46
Q

An absence of the cremasteric reflex is suggestive of…

A

Testicular torsion

47
Q

What enzyme is secreted by the prostate gland?
What is the clinical use of the enzyme?

A

PSA - prostate specific antigen
If high, suspicion of prostate cancer

Reproductive System (20 decks)

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