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Reproductive System > The Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does ‘water under the bridge’ refer to in women?

A

Ureter passes under the uterine artery

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2
Q

Where is fluid most likely to accumulate in the pelvic cavity of a woman?

A

Rectouterine pouch

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3
Q

What is the angle of anteversion?

A

Position of cervix in relation to vagina

Vagina - Version

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4
Q

How do you clinically test the angle of anteversion?
What are the results?

A

Insert fingers into the vagina + feel for a cervix:

  • cervix is anteverted: cervix felt on fingertips
  • cervix is retroverted: cervix felt on fingernails
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5
Q

How do you work out the angle of anteversion in a cross section specimen?
What are the results?

A

Draw long axis of vagina + cervical canal

  • cervix is anteverted: <180°
  • cervix is retroverted: >180°
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6
Q

What is the angle of anteflexion?

A

Position of uterus compared to cervix

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7
Q

How do you clinically test the angle of anteflexion?
What are the results?

A

Place hand on abdominal wall, insert other fingers in vagina + press uterus:

  • uterus is anteflexed: can feel fundus of uterus
  • uterus is retroflexed:cannot feel fundus of uterus
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8
Q

How do you work out the angle of anteflexion in a cross section specimen?
What are the results?

A

Draw long axis of cervical canal and uterus?

  • uterus is anteflexed: <180°
  • uterus is retroflexed: >180°
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9
Q

Why is it important to know the angle of anteversion?

A

Insertion of IUD
- to prevent perforation of any structures + causing bleeding

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10
Q

What is the venous drainage of the ovaries?

A
  • right ovary: right ovarian vein > IVC
  • left ovary: left ovarian vein > left renal vein > IVC
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11
Q

Why do some women get a sharp pain during ovulation?

A

The egg bursts out of the ovary

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12
Q

What can happen to a ovary with a cyst?

A
  • can twist > ovarian torsion
  • can disrupt the blood supply > ischaemia
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13
Q

What are the fornices?

A
  • the upper end of the vagina where it meets the cervix
  • ‘bulges around the cervix’
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14
Q

What is cervical ectropion?

A
  • it is a normal occurrence in which the cells that line the cervical canal spread out onto the surface on the cervix
  • can appear red as the cells in the canal are thinner
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15
Q

What can cause cervical ectropion?

A

Hormonal contraceptions

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16
Q

What cells are in the uterine tubes?

A
  • Ciliated cells
  • Peg cells
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17
Q

Function of ciliated cells in the uterine tubes

A

Cilia waft the egg down the tube

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18
Q

Function of peg cells in the uterine tubes

A
  • nutrition for sperm + egg
  • secrete mucus which aids the movement of the egg and sperm
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19
Q

What is the vesicouterine pouch?

A

A fold of peritoneum over the bladder and the uterus forming a pelvic recess

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20
Q

What is the rectouterine pouch?
What is its other name?

A
  • A fold of peritoneum over the rectum and the uterus forming a pelvic recess
  • pouch of Douglas
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21
Q

What are the 4 peritoneal ligaments?

A
  • broad ligament
  • round ligament
  • ligaments of ovary
  • suspensory ligament of ovary
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22
Q

What is the round ligament between?

A
  • from the uterus to the labia majora through the inguinal canal (deep inguinal ring)
  • sits under the peritoneal sheath
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23
Q

What is the round ligament a remnant of?

A

Gubernaculum

24
Q

What is the ligament of ovary between?

A

Ovary and uterus

25
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A
  • attaches each ovary to the pelvic sidewall
  • the neurovascular pathway bulging into peritoneum
26
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

A two layered fold of peritoneum that extends from the lateral pelvic walls + folds over the internal genitalia

27
Q

What is the ligament of ovary a remnant of?

A

Gubernaculum

28
Q

What is the remnant of the Gubernaculum in women?

A
  • Round ligament
  • ligament of ovary
29
Q

What are the subdivisions of the broad ligament?

A
  • mesometrium
  • mesovarium
  • mesosalpinx
30
Q

What are the divisions of the uterine tubes?

A
  • fimbriae
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
31
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries?

A

Para-aortic nodes

32
Q

What is type of epithelia is inside the vagina?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (withstands friction)

33
Q

What is the mesosalpinx?

A

A subdivision of the broad ligament which covers the fallopian tubes

34
Q

What is the mesovarian?

A
  • a subdivision of the broad ligament which attaches to the hilum of the ovary + encloses the neurovascular bundle
  • does NOT cover the ovary
35
Q

What is the mesometrium?

A
  • a subdivision of the broad ligament which surround the uterus + external iliac vessels
  • also encloses proximal part of the round ligament
36
Q

What is the most common location of a ectopic pregnancy?

A

Ampulla

37
Q

Compare the cervical os before and after childbirth

A
  • pre-childbirth: small dot .
  • post-childbirth: linear shape -
38
Q

Where do the ovarian arteries arise from?

A

Abdominal aorta

39
Q

What is the blood supply to the vagina?

A
  • vaginal arteries
  • branches of the internal iliac artery
40
Q

What does the vaginal artery arise from?

A

Internal iliac artery

41
Q

Why are there large granules of glycogen in the vagina?

A

For the natural bacteria (lactobacilli) which keep the vagina acidic

42
Q

What can a disruption in the natural bacteria of the vagina cause?

A

Bacterial vaginosis
Thrush

43
Q

What is the venous drainage of the uterus?

A

Into the uterine vein via a plexus in the broad ligament > drains into the internal iliac vein

44
Q

What is the venous drainage of the vagina?

A

into the vaginal vein via a plexus > drains into internal iliac vein

45
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the uterus?

A
  • body: external iliac
  • fundus: paraaortic + inguinal
  • cervix: external + internal iliac + sacral
46
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the vagina?

A
  • superior 1/3: external iliac
  • middle 1/3: internal iliac
  • inferior 1/3: superficial inguinal

EIS in alphabetic order

47
Q

What are the 4 types of FGM?

A

1- partial/total removal of clitoris
2- partial/total removal of clitoris + labia minora
3- removal of labia minora + sewing labia majora together only leaving a small hole for urine + menstrual blood
4- any other harmful procedure e.g. piercing, cutting

48
Q

What is type 1 FGM?

A

Partial or total removal of clitoris

49
Q

What is type 2 FGM?

A

Partial or total removal of clitoris + labia minora

50
Q

What is type 3 FGM?

A

removal of labia minora + sewing labia majora together only leaving a small hole for urine + menstrual blood

51
Q

What needs to be considering in transgender women?

A

They normally have a prostate so they could suffer from BPH or prostate cancer

52
Q

What are polycystic ovaries?
What is it a common cause of?

A

> 10 cysts
Infertility

53
Q

What type of peritoneum covers the ovaries?

A

Parietal peritoneum

54
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Ectopic endometrial tissue is dispersed to various sites along the peritoneal cavity

55
Q

What is the most common site of pelvic endometriosis?

A

Pound of Douglas
Recto-uterine pouch

Reproductive System (20 decks)

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