The Main Themes of Microbiology

Question 1

The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification

Answer 1

Microbiology

Question 2

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths (microscopic worms)
Algae

Answer 2

Microorganisms

Question 3

Bacteria-like organisms have existed on earth for about

Answer 3

3.5 billion years

Question 4

(pre-nucleus): Simple cells

Answer 4

Prokaryotes

Question 5

(true nucleus): Complex cells

Answer 5

Eukaryotes

Question 6

microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

Answer 6

Prokaryote

Question 7

unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Answer 7

Eukaryote

Question 8

Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein

Answer 8

Viruses

Question 9

Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material

Answer 9

Photosynthesis:

Question 10

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds

Answer 10

Decomposition

Question 11

Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms

Answer 11

Biotechnology:

Question 12

Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products

Answer 12

Genetic engineering

Question 13

Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem

Answer 13

Bioremediation:

Question 14

live on or in the body of another organism called the host and it damages the host.

Answer 14

Parasites

Question 15

Microbes that do harm, cause disease

Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases

10 B new infections/year worldwide

12 M deaths from infections/year worldwide

Answer 15

Pathogens

Question 16

thousands of microbiologists over 300 years

Prominent discoveries include:

Answer 16

Microscopy
Scientific method
Development of medical microbiology
Microbiology techniques

Question 17

is an early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from manure, etc.)

Answer 17

Spontaneous Generation

Question 18

the idea that living things can only arise from other living things

Answer 18

Theory of Biogenesis

Question 19

Dutch linen merchant

First to observe living microbes

Single-lens magnified up to 300X

Answer 19

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Question 20

Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon
Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted
Deductive approach “If…, then….”
A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis, and testing either supports or refutes the hypothesis
Results must be published and repeated by other investigators.

Answer 20

Scientific Method

Question 21

If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence and survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a _____

Answer 21

theory.

Question 22

If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence and survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a _____

Answer 22

theory.

Question 23

If evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached, it becomes a

Answer 23

Law or principle.

Question 24

each demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of some microbes.

Answer 24

John Tyndall and Ferdinand

Question 25

Cohn determined these forms to be heat-resistant bacterial _________

Answer 25

endospores.

Question 26

requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses.

Answer 26

Sterility

Question 27

observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals

Answer 27

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

Question 28

correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward

Answer 28

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 29

introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections

Answer 29

Joseph Lister

Question 30

The Germ Theory of Disease
Major Contributors

Answer 30

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

Question 31

Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage

Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Developed pasteurization

Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease

Answer 31

Louis Pasteur

Question 32

Established Koch’s postulates - a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory

Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera

Developed pure culture methods

Answer 32

Robert Koch

Question 33

organizing, classifying, and naming living things
Formal system originated by Carl von Linné

Answer 33

Taxonomy

Question 34

orderly arrangement of organisms into groups

Answer 34

Classification

Question 35

assigning names

Answer 35

Nomenclature

Question 36

determining and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes

Answer 36

Identification

Question 37

capitalized

Answer 37

Genus

Question 38

lowercase

Answer 38

species

Question 39

natural relatedness between groups of organisms

Answer 39

Phylogeny

Question 40

living things change gradually over long period of time

Answer 40

Evolution:

Question 41

true bacteria

Answer 41

Bacteria

Question 42

odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc.

Answer 42

Archae

Question 43

have a nucleus and organelles

Answer 43

Eukarya