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MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY > Chapter 3 Tools of the Laboratory: The Methods for Studying Microorganisms > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Tools of the Laboratory: The Methods for Studying Microorganisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ability to enlarge objects extent of enlargement is the

A

Magnification

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2
Q

ability to show detail

A

Resolving power

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3
Q

The objective lens forms the magnified ___________

A

real image

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4
Q

The real image is projected to the ocular where it is magnified again to form the ____________

A

virtual image

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5
Q

______________ of the final image is a product of the separate magnifying powers of the two lenses

A

Total Magnification

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6
Q

The capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects and depends on
The wavelength of light that forms the image along with characteristics of the objectives

A

Resolution

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7
Q

of lens ranges from 0.1 to 1.25
Shorter wavelength and larger numerical aperture will provide better resolution

A

Numerical apertur

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8
Q

most widely used; specimen is darker than surrounding field; used for live and preserved stained specimens

A

Bright-fiel

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9
Q

brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by dark field; used for live and unstained specimens

A

Dark-field

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10
Q

transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity, best for observing intracellular structures

A

Phase-contrast

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11
Q

Modified microscope with an ultraviolet radiation source and filter.

Uses dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays - fluorescence

Useful in diagnosing infections

A

Fluorescence Microscope

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12
Q

Uses a laser beam of light to scan the specimen.

Integrates images to allow focus on multiple depths or planes.

A

Scanning Confocal Microscope

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13
Q

Forms an image with a beam of electrons that can be made to travel in wavelike patterns when accelerated to high speeds

Electron waves are 100,000 times shorter than the waves of visible light

Electrons have tremendous power to resolve minute structures because resolving power is a function of wavelength

Magnification between 5,000X and 1,000,000X

A

Electron Microscopy

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14
Q

transmit electrons through the specimen. Darker areas represent thicker, denser parts and lighter areas indicate more transparent, less dense parts.

A

Transmission electron microscopes

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15
Q

provide detailed three-dimensional view. SEM bombards surface of a whole, metal-coated specimen with electrons while scanning back and forth over it.

A

Scanning electron microscopes

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16
Q

allow examination of characteristics of live cells: size, motility, shape, and arrangement

A

Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts –

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17
Q

are made by drying and heating a film of specimen. This smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cells or cell parts.

A

Fixed mounts

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18
Q

Dyes are used to create contrast by imparting color

A

Staining

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19
Q

cationic, positively charged chromophore

A

Basic dyes

20
Q

surfaces of microbes are negatively charged and attract basic dyes

A

Positive staining

21
Q

anionic, negatively charged chromophore

A

Acidic dyes

22
Q

microbe repels dye, the dye stains the background

A

Negative stainin

23
Q

one dye is used; reveals shape, size, and arrangemen

A

Simple stains

24
Q

use a primary stain and a counterstain to distinguish cell types or parts (examples: Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain)

A

Differential stain

25
Q

reveal certain cell parts not revealed by conventional methods: capsule and flagellar stains

A

Structural stains

26
Q

If an individual bacterial cell is separated from other cells and has space on a nutrient surface, it will grow into a mound of cells— a colony. A colony consists of one species.

A

Isolation

27
Q

If a single species is growing in the container, you have a pure culture but if there are multiple species than you have a mixed culture.
Check for contaminants (unknown or unwanted microbes) in the culture.

A

Inspection

28
Q

Cell and colony morphology or staining characteristics
DNA sequence
Biochemical tests to determine an organism’s chemical and metabolic characteristics
Immunological tests

A

Ways to Identify a Microbe:

29
Q

liquid, semisolid, and solid

A

Physical state

30
Q

synthetic (chemically defined) and complex

A

Chemical composition

31
Q

general purpose, enriched, selective, differential, anaerobic, transport, assay, enumeration

A

Functional type

32
Q

broth; does not solidify

A

Liquid

33
Q

contains solidifying agent

A

Semisolid

34
Q

firm surface for colony formation
Contains solidifying agent
Liquefiable and nonliquefiable

A

Solid

35
Q

The most commonly used solidifying agent

Solid at room temperature, liquefies at boiling (100oC), does not re-solidify until it cools to 42oC

Provides framework to hold moisture and nutrients

Not digestible for most microbes

A

Agar

36
Q

liquid medium containing beef extract and peptone

A

Nutrient broth

37
Q

solid media containing beef extract, peptone, and agar

A

Nutrient agar

38
Q

contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula

A

Synthetic

39
Q

contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable

A

Complex or nonsynthetic

40
Q

grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic

A

General purpose media

41
Q

contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin, or special growth factors required by fastidious microbes

A

Enriched media

42
Q

contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes

A

Selective media

43
Q

allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes

A

Differential media:

44
Q

contains a substance that absorbs oxygen or slows penetration of oxygen into medium; used for growing anaerobic bacteria

A

Reducing medium

45
Q

– contains sugars that can be fermented, converted to acids, and a pH indicator to show this reaction

A

Carbohydrate fermentation medium

MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (5 decks)

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