Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IMS - Immunology > The lymphatic system > Flashcards

The lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of the circulatory system?

A
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is the lymphatic system similar to the cardiovascular system?

A

They are both closely related in both structure and function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the lymphatic system form the basis of?

A

The immune system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Extensive network of capillaries and collecting vessels
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymphoid organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the purpose of the extensive network of capillaries and collecting vessels in the lymphatic system?

A

To receive fluid from loose connective tissues throughout the body and transport it to the cardiovascular system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purpose of the lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

A

To filter fluid in collecting vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the lymphoid organs in the lymphatic system?

A
  • Lymphatic nodules
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Label the diagram of the principal components of the lymphatic system from a to w

A

a - palatine tonsil

b - submandibular node

c - cervical node

d - right lymphatic duct

e - right subclavian vein

f - thymus gland

g - lymphatic vessel

h - thoracic duct

i - cisterna chyli

j - intestinal node

k - large intestine

l - appendix

m - red bone marrow

n - lymphatic vessel

o - left internal jugular vein

p - thoracic duct

q - left subclavian vein

r - axillary node

s - spleen

t - small intestine

u - aggregated lymphatic follicle (Peyer’s patch)

v - iliac node

w - inguinal node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Slightly [more/less] fluid leaves capillaries (with plasma proteins) than enters them.

A

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define interstitial fluid

A

The fluid that accumulates in intercellular spaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define oedema

A

The unchecked build-up of plasma proteins in an interstitial space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Plasma proteins [1. can/cannot] re-enter capillaries but [2. can/cannot] enter lymphatic vessels.

A
  1. cannot
  2. can
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of circulatory system in the lymphatic system?

A

One-way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the lymphatic system flow from?

A

Blind-ended lymph capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the lymphatic system flow?

A

The heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Order or lymphatic vessels in the lymphatic system?

A

Capillary -> Collecting vessel -> Trunk -> Duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Label the diagram of the circulatory system from a to o

A

a - systemic

b - lymphatic duct

c - subclavian vein

d - lymphatic vessels

e - veins

f - valve

g - heart

h - lymph node

i - lymphatic capillaries

j - systemic blood capillaries

k - arteries

l - pulmonary blood capillaries

m - lymphatic capillaries

n - pulmonary

o - lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What pressure forces plasma fluid into interstitial space?

A

Hydrostatic and oncotic pressures at the arterial ends of capillary beds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is most of the interstitial fluid reabsorbed into the blood?

A

At the venous ends of capillary beds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How much interstitial fluid remains in the interstitial space per day?

A

3+ liters per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do lymph capillaries usually occur alongside?

A

Blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where do lymph capillaries not occur alongside capillaries?

A
  • Bone
  • Bone marrow
  • Teeth
  • Central nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Label the circulatory system capillary bed diagram from a to o

A

a - venule

b - tissue cell

c - deoxygenated blood

d - interstitial fluid

e - lymph

f - blood capillary

g - arteriole

h - oxygenated blood

i - lymphatic capillary

j - interstitial fluid

k - opening

l - tissue cell

m - anchoring filament

n - endothelium of lymphatic capillary

o - lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two structural modifications of lymphatic capillaries compared to blood capillaries?

A
  • More permeable due to mini-valves formed by loosely overlapping endothelial cells.
  • Endothelial cells are anchored to surrounding tissue by fine filaments that open when fluid pressure is great.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are lacteals?

A
  • Highly specialised lymph capillaries in villi of the intestinal mucosa.
  • Milky white lymph that contains digested intestinal fats (chyle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Features of lymphatic collecting vessels

A
  • 3 tunics
  • Thin-walled
  • Lots of internal valves
  • Lots of anastomosing (branching)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do larger lymphatic vessels receive their blood supply from?

A

The vasa vasorum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do lymphatic collecting vessels in the skin travel with?

A

Superficial veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do deep lymphatic vessels travel with?

A

Deep arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are lymphatic trunks?

A

Lymphatic vessels that drain large areas of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct do?

A

Drains lymph from the right upper arm, the right side of the head and thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the thoracic duct do?

A

Drains interstitial fluid that the right lymphatic duct does not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where does the thoracic duct arise from?

A

Cisterna chyli an (enlarged sac)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the purpose of lymphatic ducts?

A

To empty the lymphatic fluid into venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Is the lymphatic transport system pump-reliant like the cardiovascular system?

A

No, it is pump-less.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Is the lymph transport high or low pressure?

A

Low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Is the lymph transport high or low speed?

A

Low speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How does the lymphatic system transport lymphatic fluid?

A
  • Milking action of muscles
  • Breathing-induced pressure changes in the thorax
  • Valves
  • Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in trunks and ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is lymphoid tissue?

A

An important component of immune tissue and a type of connective tissue in all organs except for the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where in lymphoid tissue are macrophages found?

A

On lymphoid fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where in lymphoid tissue are macrophages found?

A

In lymphoid spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How are lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes distributed throughout the body?

A
  1. Diffuse - in most organs, in mucous membranes and lymphoid organs.
  2. In follicles and nodules - solid, tightly packed spherical bodies with germinal centres containing B cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the lymphatic modules that are found singly in the intestine?

A

Peyer’s Patches

44
Q

What is lymph filtered through?

A

Lymph nodes in the lymphatic system

45
Q

How do lymph nodes treat lymph?

A

By providing phagocytotic protection and activating the immune system.

46
Q

How big are lymph nodes?

A

2.5 cm

47
Q

What shape are lymph nodes?

A

Bean-shaped

48
Q

What surrounds the lymph nodes?

A

Fibrous capsule

49
Q

What extends inwards from the fibrous capsule of a lymph node?

A

Trabeculae that divide the lymph node into compartments

50
Q

What cells do lymph nodes protect and support?

A

Ever-changing resident L cells

51
Q

2 distinct regions of a lymph node

A
  • Cortex
  • Inner medulla
52
Q

What is in the cortex of a lymph node?

A
  • Densely packed follicles
  • Many germinal centres
53
Q

In lymph nodes, what do dendrites do?

A

Wrap around follicles to separate them from transit T cell rich interspaces

54
Q

What do T cells circulate between?

A

Blood, lymph and lymph nodes for immune surveillance

55
Q

What is in the medulla of a lymph node?

A

Inward extensions of the cortex that contain leucocytes and plasma cells

56
Q

Label the lymph node diagram from a to q

A

a - afferent lymphatic vessels

b - valve

c - trabecula

d - afferent lymphatic vessels

e - capsule

f - hilus

g - valve

h - efferent lymphatic vessels

i - reticular fiber

j - medullary sinus

k - medullary cord

l - subscapular sinus

m - trabecular sinus

n - reticular fiber

o - inner cortex

p - germinal center

q - lymphatic nodule

r - lymphocyte

s - trabecula

57
Q

What are lymph sinuses spanned by?

A

Reticular fibres, with resident macrophages, that enter the lymph nodes and phagocytose foreign material

58
Q

What does the leaking of antigens into the surrounding reticular tissue of a lymph node do?

A

Activates L cells

59
Q

What is the only lymphoid tissue that filters lymph?

A

Lymph nodes

60
Q

On what side of a lymph node are the afferent lymphatic vessels found?

A

Convex side

61
Q

What structure in the cortex of a lymph node does lymph travel through to get to the medulla?

A

The sub-capsular sinus

62
Q

Where do the efferent lymphatic vessels leave the lymph node?

A

At the hilus on an indented region the other side to the convex region

63
Q

How do lymph nodes increase the effect of the immune system on cleaning the lymph?

A

They stagnate the lymph for longer at a lower pressure which gives macrophages and L cells better access to the lymph inside of the lymph nodes.

64
Q

What are the lymphoid organs?

A
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Tonsils
  • Lymphoid nodule aggregates
65
Q

What is the spleen?

A
  • Largest lymphoid organ
  • Soft, blood-rich and fist-sized
66
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Left abdomen under the diaphragm

67
Q

Where is the hilus of the spleen?

A

On the concave side

68
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A
  • L cell proliferation and immune surveillance and response
  • Cleans blood of RBC platelets, bacteria, virus, foreign matter, debris and toxins
  • Storage of RBS constituents and release of others to liver
  • Stores platelets
  • Site of RBC production in fetus
69
Q

What does the thin capsule of the spleen contain?

A

Trabeculae with lymph and macrophages

70
Q

What are the two distinct areas of the spleen?

A
  • White pulp
  • Red pulp
71
Q

What is the white pulp of the spleen?

A

Areas of lymph on reticular fibres that form cuffs around the central arteries.

72
Q

What is the red pulp of the spleen?

A

Areas of red cells, venous sinuses and splenic cords that dispose of old RBCs and pathogens.

73
Q

Label the diagram of the spleen from a to o

A

a - splenic artery

b - gastric impression

c - splenic vein

d - colic impression

e - hilus

f - renal impression

g - splenic artery

h - splenic vein

i - white pulp

j - red

k - venous sinus

l - splenic cord

m - central artery

n - trabecula

o - capsule

74
Q

What type of lymphoid organ is the thymus?

A

Bilobular

75
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Lower neck

76
Q

When is the thymus most prominent?

A

In early life

77
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A

Secrete thymosin and thymopentin to make T lymphocytes immunocompetent

78
Q

When does the thymus experience the most growth?

A

In childhood

79
Q

When does the thymus begin to atrophy?

A

In adolescence

80
Q

What happens to the thymus in old age?

A

It is replaced by fibrous and fatty tissue

81
Q

What is the structure of the thymus describes as?

A

Like a cauliflower head with flowerets (thymic lobules) each with an outer cortex and inner medulla

82
Q

What does a histological slide of the thymus show when dark stained?

A

Rapidly dividing, densely packed lymphocytes with few macrophages

83
Q

What does a histological slide of the thymus show when light stained?

A

Fewer lymphocytes and Hassall’s (thymic) corpuscles

84
Q

What are Hassall’s (thymic) corpuscles responsible for in the thymus?

A

Conversion of self-reactive T lymphocytes into suppressive T lymphocytes

85
Q

What does this stained slide show?

A

Hassall’s (thymic) corpuscle

86
Q

How does the thymus differ from other lymphoid organs?

A
  • Functions only in T cell maturation
  • Stroma framework consists of star-shaped epithelial cells instead of reticular cells
87
Q

What in the thymus prevents the premature activation of immature lymphocytes?

A

The blood-thymus-barrier

88
Q

What aids lymphocyte maturation in the thymus?

A

The secretion of stimulating hormones.

89
Q

What are tonsils?

A

The simplest form of lymphoid organs that form a ring of tissue around the entrance to the throat and are encapsulated as swellings in the mucosa.

90
Q

What is the role of tonsils?

A

Gather and remove pathogens entering in inhaled air/swallowed food

91
Q

What are the 4 types of tonsils?

A
  • Palatine
  • Lingual
  • Pharyngeal
  • Tubal
92
Q

What is the location of the palatine tonsils?

A

Either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity.

93
Q

What is the location of the lingual tonsils?

A

The base of the tongue.

94
Q

What is the location of the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

The posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

95
Q

What is the location of the tubal tonsils?

A

Surrounding the opening of the auditory tubes into the pharynx.

96
Q

Which tonsils are most often infected?

A

The palatine tonsils

97
Q

What is another term for a pharyngeal tonsil?

A

Adenoid gland

98
Q

Label the palatine tonsil histology slide from 1-10

A
99
Q

Describe the histology of a palatine tonsil

A

Contains nodules with germinal centers that are surrounded by diffusely scattered lymphocytes

100
Q

Describe the structure of the exterior surface of the palatine tonsil

A

Covered by squamous epithelium that invaginates deep into tonsil to form blind-ended crypts that trap bacteria and particles.

101
Q

What do bacteria that are killed in lymphoid tissue produce?

A

Memory cells

102
Q

What is another term for an aggregate of lymphoid nodules?

A

Peyer’s patch

103
Q

What is a Peyer’s patch?

A

A large isolated cluster of nodules, similar to tonsils, that are in the wall of the ileum.

104
Q

What is the role of Peyer’s patches?

A
  • Destroy bacteria (mainly in the gut)
  • Generate memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity
  • Serve as mucosa-associated lymphoid (MALT) tissue for respiratory and digestive tract immuno-protection
105
Q

What does the histological slide show?

A

Peyer’s patch

106
Q

Where in a Peyer’s patch do B cells proliferate?

A

The germinal centre

107
Q

The Peyer’s patch is important for the production of what?

A

Anti-microbial antibodies

IMS - Immunology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions