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The lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of the circulatory system?

A
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
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2
Q

How is the lymphatic system similar to the cardiovascular system?

A

They are both closely related in both structure and function.

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3
Q

What does the lymphatic system form the basis of?

A

The immune system.

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Extensive network of capillaries and collecting vessels
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymphoid organs
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5
Q

What is the purpose of the extensive network of capillaries and collecting vessels in the lymphatic system?

A

To receive fluid from loose connective tissues throughout the body and transport it to the cardiovascular system.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

A

To filter fluid in collecting vessels.

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7
Q

What are the lymphoid organs in the lymphatic system?

A
  • Lymphatic nodules
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
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8
Q

Label the diagram of the principal components of the lymphatic system from a to w

A

a - palatine tonsil

b - submandibular node

c - cervical node

d - right lymphatic duct

e - right subclavian vein

f - thymus gland

g - lymphatic vessel

h - thoracic duct

i - cisterna chyli

j - intestinal node

k - large intestine

l - appendix

m - red bone marrow

n - lymphatic vessel

o - left internal jugular vein

p - thoracic duct

q - left subclavian vein

r - axillary node

s - spleen

t - small intestine

u - aggregated lymphatic follicle (Peyer’s patch)

v - iliac node

w - inguinal node

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9
Q

Slightly [more/less] fluid leaves capillaries (with plasma proteins) than enters them.

A

more

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10
Q

Define interstitial fluid

A

The fluid that accumulates in intercellular spaces.

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11
Q

Define oedema

A

The unchecked build-up of plasma proteins in an interstitial space.

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12
Q

Plasma proteins [1. can/cannot] re-enter capillaries but [2. can/cannot] enter lymphatic vessels.

A
  1. cannot
  2. can
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13
Q

What type of circulatory system in the lymphatic system?

A

One-way

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14
Q

Where does the lymphatic system flow from?

A

Blind-ended lymph capillaries

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15
Q

Where does the lymphatic system flow?

A

The heart

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16
Q

Order or lymphatic vessels in the lymphatic system?

A

Capillary -> Collecting vessel -> Trunk -> Duct

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17
Q

Label the diagram of the circulatory system from a to o

A

a - systemic

b - lymphatic duct

c - subclavian vein

d - lymphatic vessels

e - veins

f - valve

g - heart

h - lymph node

i - lymphatic capillaries

j - systemic blood capillaries

k - arteries

l - pulmonary blood capillaries

m - lymphatic capillaries

n - pulmonary

o - lymph node

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18
Q

What pressure forces plasma fluid into interstitial space?

A

Hydrostatic and oncotic pressures at the arterial ends of capillary beds.

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19
Q

Where is most of the interstitial fluid reabsorbed into the blood?

A

At the venous ends of capillary beds.

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20
Q

How much interstitial fluid remains in the interstitial space per day?

A

3+ liters per day

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21
Q

What do lymph capillaries usually occur alongside?

A

Blood capillaries

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22
Q

Where do lymph capillaries not occur alongside capillaries?

A
  • Bone
  • Bone marrow
  • Teeth
  • Central nervous system
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23
Q

Label the circulatory system capillary bed diagram from a to o

A

a - venule

b - tissue cell

c - deoxygenated blood

d - interstitial fluid

e - lymph

f - blood capillary

g - arteriole

h - oxygenated blood

i - lymphatic capillary

j - interstitial fluid

k - opening

l - tissue cell

m - anchoring filament

n - endothelium of lymphatic capillary

o - lymph

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24
Q

What are the two structural modifications of lymphatic capillaries compared to blood capillaries?

A
  • More permeable due to mini-valves formed by loosely overlapping endothelial cells.
  • Endothelial cells are anchored to surrounding tissue by fine filaments that open when fluid pressure is great.
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25
What are lacteals?
* Highly specialised lymph capillaries in villi of the intestinal mucosa. * Milky white lymph that contains digested intestinal fats (chyle)
26
Features of lymphatic collecting vessels
* 3 tunics * Thin-walled * Lots of internal valves * Lots of anastomosing (branching)
27
What do larger lymphatic vessels receive their blood supply from?
The vasa vasorum
28
What do lymphatic collecting vessels in the skin travel with?
Superficial veins
29
What do deep lymphatic vessels travel with?
Deep arteries
30
What are lymphatic trunks?
Lymphatic vessels that drain large areas of the body
31
What does the right lymphatic duct do?
Drains lymph from the right upper arm, the right side of the head and thorax
32
What does the thoracic duct do?
Drains interstitial fluid that the right lymphatic duct does not
33
Where does the thoracic duct arise from?
Cisterna chyli an (enlarged sac)
34
What is the purpose of lymphatic ducts?
To empty the lymphatic fluid into venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein.
35
Is the lymphatic transport system pump-reliant like the cardiovascular system?
No, it is pump-less.
36
Is the lymph transport high or low pressure?
Low pressure
37
Is the lymph transport high or low speed?
Low speed
38
How does the lymphatic system transport lymphatic fluid?
* Milking action of muscles * Breathing-induced pressure changes in the thorax * Valves * Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in trunks and ducts
39
What is lymphoid tissue?
An important component of immune tissue and a type of connective tissue in all organs except for the thymus
40
Where in lymphoid tissue are macrophages found?
On lymphoid fibres
41
Where in lymphoid tissue are macrophages found?
In lymphoid spaces
42
How are lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes distributed throughout the body?
1. Diffuse - in most organs, in mucous membranes and lymphoid organs. 2. In follicles and nodules - solid, tightly packed spherical bodies with germinal centres containing B cells.
43
What are the lymphatic modules that are found singly in the intestine?
Peyer's Patches
44
What is lymph filtered through?
Lymph nodes in the lymphatic system
45
How do lymph nodes treat lymph?
By providing phagocytotic protection and activating the immune system.
46
How big are lymph nodes?
2.5 cm
47
What shape are lymph nodes?
Bean-shaped
48
What surrounds the lymph nodes?
Fibrous capsule
49
What extends inwards from the fibrous capsule of a lymph node?
Trabeculae that divide the lymph node into compartments
50
What cells do lymph nodes protect and support?
Ever-changing resident L cells
51
2 distinct regions of a lymph node
* Cortex * Inner medulla
52
What is in the cortex of a lymph node?
* Densely packed follicles * Many germinal centres
53
In lymph nodes, what do dendrites do?
Wrap around follicles to separate them from transit T cell rich interspaces
54
What do T cells circulate between?
Blood, lymph and lymph nodes for immune surveillance
55
What is in the medulla of a lymph node?
Inward extensions of the cortex that contain leucocytes and plasma cells
56
Label the lymph node diagram from a to q
a - afferent lymphatic vessels b - valve c - trabecula d - afferent lymphatic vessels e - capsule f - hilus g - valve h - efferent lymphatic vessels i - reticular fiber j - medullary sinus k - medullary cord l - subscapular sinus m - trabecular sinus n - reticular fiber o - inner cortex p - germinal center q - lymphatic nodule r - lymphocyte s - trabecula
57
What are lymph sinuses spanned by?
Reticular fibres, with resident macrophages, that enter the lymph nodes and phagocytose foreign material
58
What does the leaking of antigens into the surrounding reticular tissue of a lymph node do?
Activates L cells
59
What is the only lymphoid tissue that filters lymph?
Lymph nodes
60
On what side of a lymph node are the afferent lymphatic vessels found?
Convex side
61
What structure in the cortex of a lymph node does lymph travel through to get to the medulla?
The sub-capsular sinus
62
Where do the efferent lymphatic vessels leave the lymph node?
At the hilus on an indented region the other side to the convex region
63
How do lymph nodes increase the effect of the immune system on cleaning the lymph?
They stagnate the lymph for longer at a lower pressure which gives macrophages and L cells better access to the lymph inside of the lymph nodes.
64
What are the lymphoid organs?
* Spleen * Thymus * Tonsils * Lymphoid nodule aggregates
65
What is the spleen?
* Largest lymphoid organ * Soft, blood-rich and fist-sized
66
Where is the spleen located?
Left abdomen under the diaphragm
67
Where is the hilus of the spleen?
On the concave side
68
What are the functions of the spleen?
* L cell proliferation and immune surveillance and response * Cleans blood of RBC platelets, bacteria, virus, foreign matter, debris and toxins * Storage of RBS constituents and release of others to liver * Stores platelets * Site of RBC production in fetus
69
What does the thin capsule of the spleen contain?
Trabeculae with lymph and macrophages
70
What are the two distinct areas of the spleen?
* White pulp * Red pulp
71
What is the white pulp of the spleen?
Areas of lymph on reticular fibres that form cuffs around the central arteries.
72
What is the red pulp of the spleen?
Areas of red cells, venous sinuses and splenic cords that dispose of old RBCs and pathogens.
73
Label the diagram of the spleen from a to o
a - splenic artery b - gastric impression c - splenic vein d - colic impression e - hilus f - renal impression g - splenic artery h - splenic vein i - white pulp j - red k - venous sinus l - splenic cord m - central artery n - trabecula o - capsule
74
What type of lymphoid organ is the thymus?
Bilobular
75
Where is the thymus located?
Lower neck
76
When is the thymus most prominent?
In early life
77
What is the role of the thymus?
Secrete thymosin and thymopentin to make T lymphocytes immunocompetent
78
When does the thymus experience the most growth?
In childhood
79
When does the thymus begin to atrophy?
In adolescence
80
What happens to the thymus in old age?
It is replaced by fibrous and fatty tissue
81
What is the structure of the thymus describes as?
Like a cauliflower head with flowerets (thymic lobules) each with an outer cortex and inner medulla
82
What does a histological slide of the thymus show when dark stained?
Rapidly dividing, densely packed lymphocytes with few macrophages
83
What does a histological slide of the thymus show when light stained?
Fewer lymphocytes and Hassall's (thymic) corpuscles
84
What are Hassall's (thymic) corpuscles responsible for in the thymus?
Conversion of self-reactive T lymphocytes into suppressive T lymphocytes
85
What does this stained slide show?
Hassall's (thymic) corpuscle
86
How does the thymus differ from other lymphoid organs?
* Functions only in T cell maturation * Stroma framework consists of star-shaped epithelial cells instead of reticular cells
87
What in the thymus prevents the premature activation of immature lymphocytes?
The blood-thymus-barrier
88
What aids lymphocyte maturation in the thymus?
The secretion of stimulating hormones.
89
What are tonsils?
The simplest form of lymphoid organs that form a ring of tissue around the entrance to the throat and are encapsulated as swellings in the mucosa.
90
What is the role of tonsils?
Gather and remove pathogens entering in inhaled air/swallowed food
91
What are the 4 types of tonsils?
* Palatine * Lingual * Pharyngeal * Tubal
92
What is the location of the palatine tonsils?
Either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity.
93
What is the location of the lingual tonsils?
The base of the tongue.
94
What is the location of the pharyngeal tonsils?
The posterior wall of the nasopharynx.
95
What is the location of the tubal tonsils?
Surrounding the opening of the auditory tubes into the pharynx.
96
Which tonsils are most often infected?
The palatine tonsils
97
What is another term for a pharyngeal tonsil?
Adenoid gland
98
Label the palatine tonsil histology slide from 1-10
99
Describe the histology of a palatine tonsil
Contains nodules with germinal centers that are surrounded by diffusely scattered lymphocytes
100
Describe the structure of the exterior surface of the palatine tonsil
Covered by squamous epithelium that invaginates deep into tonsil to form blind-ended crypts that trap bacteria and particles.
101
What do bacteria that are killed in lymphoid tissue produce?
Memory cells
102
What is another term for an aggregate of lymphoid nodules?
Peyer's patch
103
What is a Peyer's patch?
A large isolated cluster of nodules, similar to tonsils, that are in the wall of the ileum.
104
What is the role of Peyer's patches?
* Destroy bacteria (mainly in the gut) * Generate memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity * Serve as mucosa-associated lymphoid (MALT) tissue for respiratory and digestive tract immuno-protection
105
What does the histological slide show?
Peyer's patch
106
Where in a Peyer's patch do B cells proliferate?
The germinal centre
107
The Peyer's patch is important for the production of what?
Anti-microbial antibodies

IMS - Immunology (6 decks)

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