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IMS - Immunology > Introduction to specific immunity > Flashcards

Introduction to specific immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Features of the innate immune system

A
  • Recognises common pathogen molecules.
  • The oldest form of immunity, present in all animals.
  • We are born with it. - Immediate response to pathogen
  • The first line of defense of the immune system.
  • Identical response to the same pathogen.
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2
Q

Fill in the blank boxes of the flow diagram representing the innate immune system.

A
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3
Q

What are the physical barriers against infection?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
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4
Q

What is the main driver of the inflammatory response?

A

Histamine

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5
Q

What cells are involved in the innate immune system?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Eosinophils
  • Natural killer cells
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6
Q

Features of the adaptive immune system

A
  • Antigen-specific.
  • Only found in vertebrates.
  • Acquired by experience.
  • On first exposure, it takes days to respond and creates memory.
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7
Q

Fill in the blank boxes of the flow diagram representing the adaptive immune system.

A
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8
Q

What two lymphocytes are involved in the adaptive immune system?

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
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9
Q

What do B cells produce?

A

Antibodies

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10
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Bind to antigens

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11
Q

What do antibodies aid in the adaptive immune response?

A

Phagocytosis of pathogens by neutrophils/macrophages

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12
Q

What type of immunity is produced by B cells in the adaptive immune response?

A

Humoral immunity

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13
Q

What are the two types of T cells in the adaptive immune response?

A
  • T helper
  • T cytotoxic
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14
Q

What is the role of T helper cells in the adaptive immune response?

A
  • Produce cytokines
  • Help leucocytes eliminate foreign antigen-presenting cells
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15
Q

What is the role of T cytotoxic cells in the adaptive immune response?

A
  • Killing of foreign antigen-presenting cells
  • Development of cellular immunity
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16
Q

Label the adaptive immunity diagram from a to k

A

a - Parasites and worms

b - Extracellular bacteria

c - Fungi

d - Bacterial toxins

e - Intracellular bacteria

f - Viruses

g - Viral proteins

h - CD4 helper T cell

i - B cell

j - CD4 helper T cell

k - CD8 cytotoxic T cell

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17
Q

Give descriptions a and b

A
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18
Q

Fill in boxes a and b

A
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19
Q

Fill in boxes a, b, and c

A
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20
Q

Fill in the blank box

A
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21
Q

Fill in boxes a, b and c

A
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22
Q

In what time frame after infection does the innate immune response take action?

A

Immediately: 0-4 hours

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23
Q

In what time frame after infection does the early induced innate response take action?

A

Early: 4-96 hours

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24
Q

In what time frame after infection does the adaptive immune response take action?

A

Late: >96 hours

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25
Q

Label the adaptive immune response diagram from a to n

A

a - Primary lymphatic tissues

b - Pre-T cells

c - Mature B cells

d - Secondary lymphatic tissues

e - Mature T cells

f - Helper T cell

g - Antigen receptors

h - CD8

i - CD4

j - Activation of B cell

k - Activation of T cell

l - Plasma cells

m - Killer T cell

n - Antibodies

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26
Q

What do killer T cells do once they leave the secondary lymphatic tissues?

A

Attack the foreign antigen-presenting cells

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27
Q

What is the cell-mediated immune response directed against?

A
  • Intracellular pathogens
  • Viruses
  • Some cancer cells
  • Tissue transplants
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28
Q

What is the antibody-mediated immune response directed against?

A
  • Extracellular pathogens
  • Bacteria
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29
Q

What do antibodies do once they leave the secondary lymphatic tissues?

A

Bind to antigens of foreign antigen-presenting cell

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30
Q

Label the adaptive immune response diagram from a to e

A

a - Thymus

b - CD8+ T cell

c - CD4+ T cell

d - B cell

e - Killer CD8+ T cell

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31
Q

What cells does the immune response rely mostly on?

A

Immunocompetent B and T cells

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32
Q

Where do B cells continuously develop?

A

Within the bone marrow

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33
Q

What do T cells develop from and from where?

A

Pre-T cells from bone marrow that migrate to thymus to mature

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34
Q

When do the majority of T cells arise?

A

Before puberty

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35
Q

How long does T cell maturation go on for in the body?

A

Usually throughout life

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36
Q

What do B and T cells develop with maturity?

A
  • Specific membrane-bound proteins
  • CD4 and CD8 in T cells
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37
Q

What two immune responses occur in the adaptive immune response?

A
  • Cell-mediated
  • Antibody-mediated
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38
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A
  • Involved CD8+ T cell proliferation into cytotoxic T cells.
  • Associated with intracellular pathogen targetting.
  • Targets some cancerous and foreign tissue.
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39
Q

Three examples of intracellular pathogens

A
  • Fungi
  • Parasites (eg malaria)
  • Viruses
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40
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity?

A
  • Involved in the differentiation of B cells to plasma cells.
  • Immunoglobin and antibody production.
  • Associated with antigen and replicating pathogen targetting in body fluids.
  • Aided by CD4+ T helper cells.
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41
Q

What is the role of plasma cells?

A

Synthesize and secrete immunoglobins and antibodies.

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42
Q

What are antigens?

A
  • Non-self molecular configuration.
  • It may be part of a single foreign molecule or organism.
  • Activate adaptive immune response.
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43
Q

What part of an antigen is recognised by a lymphocyte?

A

The epitope

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44
Q

Define immunogenicity

A

The ability to induce an immune response mediated by the production of specific T cells or specific antibodies.

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45
Q

Define immunoreactivity

A

The ability to react with antibodies or specific T cells.

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46
Q

What is a complete antigen?

A

An antigen with both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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47
Q

What do antigens that lack immunogenicity have to do to stimulate an immune response?

A

Combine with a larger carrier molecule.

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48
Q

What type of antigens do T cells respond to?

A

Protein antigens

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49
Q

What type of antigens do B cells respond to?

A
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleic acids
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50
Q

In what tissue/organ do antigens tend to come into contact with the immune system?

A
  • Via blood to the spleen
  • Via lymph to the lymph nodes
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51
Q

What initially happens to antigens being carried to the lymph nodes via the lymph?

A

They are trapped by the reticular fibres of the reticular cells.

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52
Q

How are antigens trapped on mucosal membranes?

A

By mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) mucus

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53
Q

What does TCR stand for?

A

T cell receptor

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54
Q

What does CD stand for?

A

Cluster of differentiation

55
Q

What does ITAM stand for?

A

Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif

56
Q

Label the mature TCR diagram from a to f

A

a - TCR

b - recognition

c - CD3

d - CD3

e - ITAMs

f - Signalling

57
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

58
Q

How many alleles are responsible for the production of an MHC?

A

12

59
Q

Where is the MHC found?

A

Expressed on the surface of cells important in the adaptive immune response

60
Q

What does the MHC do?

A
  • Guide T cell recognition of antigen
  • Bind epitopes of antigens and present to T cells
61
Q

What is the morphism of MHCs?

A
  • Highly polymorphic
  • Unique to each individual - except in identical twins
62
Q

Label MHC class a and b

A
63
Q

Another term for hiistocompatability complex

A

Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)

64
Q

What cells express MHCs?

A

Every cell in the body apart from red blood cells

65
Q

What is histocompatability?

A

The presentation of self-antigens on the plasma membrane that make the cell compatable with the host immune system.

66
Q

Two types of MHC

A
  • Class I
  • Class II
67
Q

Where are MHC class I found?

A

Plasma membrane of all body cells apart from the red blood cells.

68
Q

Where are MHC class II found?

A

Antigen presenting cells such as thymic cells and T cells.

69
Q

What is responsible for rejection of donor tissue?

A

Foreign MHC expression of foreign cells of donor tissue.

70
Q

What is tissue typing?

A

Putting people’s MHC expression into groups based on MHC similarity.

71
Q

What is antigen processing achieved by?

A

T and B cells recognising the antigen

72
Q

Where do B cells recognise antigens?

A

Body fluids

73
Q

How do T cells recognise antigens?

A

When antigens are presented to them by the host MHC.

74
Q

What type of MHC protein is used to recognise foreign antigens?

A

Non-self source MHC proteins

75
Q

Two ways that foreign antigens can be processed

A
  • Exogenous antigen processing
  • Endogenous antigen processing
76
Q

Describe steps 1-5 of exogenous antigen processing

A
77
Q

Label the diagram of exogenous antigen processing from a to d

A

a - Antigen

b - Phagosome/endosome

c - Antigen-presenting cell (APC)

d - MHC-II

78
Q

Where does exogenous antigen processing occur?

A

Body fluids

79
Q

What are exogenous antigens initially processed by?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APC)

80
Q

3 types of antigen-presenting cell

A
  • Macrophages
  • B cells
  • Dendritic cells
81
Q

How do antigen-presenting cells exogenously process an antigen?

A
  1. Ingest
  2. Digest
  3. Fusion to MHC-II proteins
  4. Exocytosis
  5. Presentation
82
Q

Where do antigen-presenting cells migrate to after exogenous antigen processing?

A

Lymphatic tissue to be presented to T cells

83
Q

Define endogenous antigen

A

Antigen produced within a cell

84
Q

How are endogenous antigens processed?

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Fragments fuse with MHC-I proteins in a vesicle
  3. Endocytosis of vesicle
  4. Presentation of MHC-I antigen complex
85
Q

Do T cells recognise free antigens?

A

No

86
Q

When are antigens recognised by T cells?

A

When they are presented by an MHC protein on an antigen-presenting cell.

87
Q

What part of an antigen is recognised by T cells?

A

The epitope

88
Q

Label the empty blue boxes from a to d

A
89
Q

What are the two stages of T cell activation?

A
  1. Initial binding of T cell to antigen-presenting cell
  2. Co-stimulation
90
Q

How many known co-stimulants of T cell activation are there?

A

20+

91
Q

What are two co-stimulants?

A
  • Cytokines such as interleukin 2
  • Plasma cell membrane molecules
92
Q

What does a lack of co-stimulation result in?

A

T cell anergy

93
Q

What is T cell anergy?

A

T cell tolerance to an antigen

94
Q

What is required to fully activate a T cell?

A
  • Antigen-presenting cell
  • Co-stimulant
95
Q

What does a T cell do when fully activated?

A

T cell proliferation and differentiation

96
Q

Where in the body does T cell proliferation and differentiation occur?

A

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues like the tonsils.

97
Q

Three main types of T cells

A
  • T helper cells
  • T cytotoxic cells
  • T memory cells
98
Q

What cells to helper T cells normally develop from?

A

CD4+ T cells

99
Q

Which antigen MHC is recognised by helper T cells?

A

Antigen MCH-II

100
Q

Function of T helper cell

A
  • Secretes interleukin 2 which triggers T cell proliferation fo costimulate quiescent T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.
  • Can also enhance proliferation of B cells and natural killer cells.
101
Q

Label the T cell activation diagram from a to m

A

a - Costimulation by IL-2 from T helper cells

b - Inactive CD8+ cell

c - CD8

d - MHC-I

e - CD8+ T cell

f - Inactive CD4+ cell

g - MHC-II

h - CD4

i - CD4+ T cell

j - Activated T helper cell

k - Activated cytotoxic T cell

l - CD4+

m - CD8+

102
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small hormones that can stimulate or inhibit cellular differentiation, proliferation and growth.

103
Q

What effect do cytokines have on immunocompetent cell function?

A

An enhancing effect

104
Q

What are cytokines secreted by, in the immune system?

A

All communicating leucocytes.

105
Q

What are the most commonly known immunity-related cytokines?

A
  • Interleukins 1-5
  • Tumour necrosis factor
  • Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
  • Gamma interferon (γ-IFN)
  • Alpha and beta interferons
  • Lymphotoxin
  • Perforin
  • Macrophage migration inhibiting factor
106
Q

What is cytokine therapy?

A

The medical application of cytokines to treat medical conditions to do with immunity regulation.

107
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells derived from?

A

CD8+ cells

108
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells recognise?

A

Antigen-MHC-I on virally infected cells, on cancerous cells and on some transplanted cells.

109
Q

What causes cytotoxic T cells to become cytolytic?

A

If antigen recognition and costimulation with cytokines like IL-2 happens.

110
Q

What cell secretes cytokines that costimulate cytotoxic T cells?

A

T helper cells

111
Q

What causes T helper cells to produce costimulating cytokines for cytotoxic T cell?

A

Recognition of antigen-MHC-II by the helper T cell

112
Q

What happens to cytotoxic T cells once activated?

A

They rapidly proliferate and destroy target cells by secreting perforin or lymphotoxin.

113
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells activate phagocytes at the site of infection?

A

By secreting gamma interferon

114
Q

Label the cytotoxic T cell diagram from steps 1-3

A
115
Q

Label the cytotoxic T cell activation diagram from a to e

A

a - Activated cytotoxic T cell

b - Lymphotoxin

c - Perforin

d - Virus-infected body cell

e - Cytolysis

116
Q

What is perforin?

A

A protein released by T killer cells of the immune system that causes cell death by causing lesions and pores to form in the target cell’s membrane.

117
Q

What is lymphotoxin?

A

A cytokine from the immune system that causes target cells to change the binding properties of proteins in their plasma membranes so that phagocytes can engulf them.

118
Q

What gives rise to memory T cells?

A

T cells that remain after an infection

119
Q

Function of memory T cells

A

Allow rapid response to reinvasion of the same pathogen before signs and symptoms show

120
Q

After how much gestation do progenitor T cells migrate to the thymus?

A
  • 11 days in mice
  • 8-9 weeks in humans
121
Q

What does T and B cell maturation involve?

A

Rearrangements of germline TCR genes and expression of various membrane markers.

122
Q

What are developing T cells in the thymus called?

A

Thymocytes

123
Q

What do thymocytes do whilst they develop in the thymus?

A

Proliferate and differentiate into distinct sub-populations of mature T cells.

124
Q

Label the diagram of the passage of the T cell throughout its development from a to e

A

a - bone marrow

b - thymus

c - gut-associated lymphoid tissue

d - spleen

e - lymph node

125
Q

In the proliferation of progenitor T cells, what proportion of thymocytes undergo apoptosis?

A

Approximately 98%

126
Q

What type of selection is MHC restriction of thymocytes?

A

Positive restriction

127
Q

What type of selection is the deletion of autoreactive thymocytes?

A

Negative selection

128
Q

Label the diagram of T-lymphocyte development in the thymus from a to l

A

a - cortex

b - medulla

c - capsule

d - trabeculae

e - sub-capsular epithelium

f - cortico-medullary junction

g - Hassall’s corpuscle

h - cortical epithelial cell

i - thymocyte

j - medullary epithelial cell

k - dendritic cell

l - macrophage

129
Q

Where do cortical epithelial cells in the thymus originate from?

A

Thymus

130
Q

Where do thymocytes in the thymus originate from?

A

Bone marrow

131
Q

Where do medullary epithelial cells in the thymus originate from?

A

Thymus

132
Q

Where do dendritic cells in the thymus originate from?

A

Bone marrow

133
Q

Where do macrophages in the thymus originate from?

A

Bone marrow

IMS - Immunology (6 decks)

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