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Introduction to non-specific immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • Drain the excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces.
  • Transport dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins around the body.
  • Defense against disease or immunity.
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2
Q

Another term for ‘interstitial fluid’

A

Extracellular fluid.

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3
Q

What is lymph?

A

Blood plasma that filters from the blood into the interstitial space.

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4
Q

How does excess interstitial fluid enter lymphatic capillaries?

A

Through the endothelium of lymphatic vessels.

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5
Q

Difference between lymphatic fluid and blood plasma?

A

Lymphatic fluid lacks larger plasma proteins present in the blood plasma.

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6
Q

2 groups of lymphatic organs and tissues

A
  • Primary lymphatic organs
  • Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
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7
Q

The function of the primary lymphatic organs

A

Environment for the maturation and development of B and T lymphocytes.

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8
Q

2 examples of primary lymphatic organs

A
  • Red bone marrow
  • Thymus gland
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9
Q

The function of the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

Where the majority of immune responses occur.

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10
Q

3 examples of secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Lymphatic nodules
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11
Q

Label the lymph node from a to u

A

a - Cells around germinal center

b - Cells in the germinal center

c - Subscapularis sinus

d - Reticular fiber

e - Trabecula

f - Trabecula sinus

g - Germinal center in secondary lymphatic nodule

h - Cells around germinal center

i - Inner cortex

j - Medulla

k - Medullary sinus

l - Reticular fiber

m - Efferent lymphatic vessels

n - Valve

o - Hilus

p - Capsule

q - Afferent lymphatic vessel

r - Valve

s - Afferent lymphatic vessel

t - Cells of medulla

u - Cells of inner cortex

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12
Q

Where are leucocytes found in the outer cortex of a lymph node?

A
  • Around the germinal center
  • In the germinal centre
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13
Q

Which leucocytes are found in the germinal centre of a lymph node?

A
  • B cells
  • Follicular dendritic cells
  • Macrophages
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14
Q

Which leucocites are found around the germinal center of a lymph node?

A

B cells

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15
Q

Which leucocytes are found in the inner cortex of a lymph node?

A
  • T cells
  • Dendritic cells
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16
Q

Which leucocytes are found in the medulla of a lymph node?

A
  • B cells
  • Plasma cells
  • Macrophages
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17
Q

Which type of leucocyte is this?

A

B cell

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18
Q

Which type of leucocyte is this?

A

Plasma cell

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19
Q

Which type of leucocyte is this?

A

Macrophage

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20
Q

Which type of leucocyte is this?

A

T cell

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21
Q

Which type of leucocyte is this?

A

Dendritic cell

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22
Q

Define pathogen

A

Disease-causing organism.

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23
Q

What pathogens does the immune system combat infections of?

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Protozoa
  • Fungi
  • Helminths
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24
Q

Example of a viral pathogen

A

Influenza virus (flu)

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25
Example of a bacterial pathogen
Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
26
Example of a protozoal pathogen
Plasmodium (malaria)
27
Example of a fungal pathogen
Candida albicans (Candidiasis or thrush)
28
Example of a helminth pathogen
Tapeworm
29
The 2 divisions of the immune system
* Innate (non-specific) * Adaptive (specific)
30
Features of the innate immune system
* Recognises common pathogen molecules. * The oldest form of immunity, present in all animals. * We are born with it. - Immediate response to pathogen * First line of defense of immune system. * Identical response to the same pathogen.
31
Features of the adaptive immune system
* Antigen-specific. * Only found in vertebrates. * Acquired by experience. * On first exposure, takes days to respond and creates memory.
32
Which division of the immune system is critical for the initial response to a pathogen?
The innate immune system.
33
What happens to the adaptive immune system when the same pathogen infects the host a subsequent time?
The adaptive immune response increases in amplitude and is faster due to memory.
34
Label the x and y-axis
x - time (days) y - magnitude of immune response (AU)
35
Label the two lines
36
What is the extrinsic epithelial barrier to infection?
The skin.
37
Label the table of physical barriers against infection from a to i
a - Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions b - Longitudinal flow of air or fluid c - Movement of mucus by cilia d - Fatty acids e - Low pH f - Salivary enzymes (lysozyme) g - Enzymes (pepsin) h - Antibacterial peptides i - Normal flora
38
What are the internal epithelial barriers to infection?
* Gut * Lungs * Eyes and nose
39
Where are 'epithelial cells joined by tight junctions' found?
* Skin * Gut * Lungs * Eyes and nose
40
Where does the longitudinal flow of air or fluid occur?
* Skin * Gut
41
Where does the movement of mucus by cilia occur?
Lungs
42
Where are fatty acids found
Skin
43
Where is pepsin (and other digestive enzymes) found in a low pH environment?
Gut
44
Where are salivary enzymes found?
Eyes and nose
45
Where are antibacterial peptides found?
* Skin * Gut * Lungs
46
Where are the normal flora found?
* Skin * Gut
47
What are the mechanical physical barriers to infection of the body?
* Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions * Longitudinal flow of air * Movement of mucus by cilia
48
What are the chemical physical barriers to infection of the body?
* Fatty acids * Low pH * Enzymes * Salivary enzymes
49
What are the microbiological physical barriers to infection of the body?
Normal flora
50
Another term for salivary enzymes
Lysozymes
51
What do physical barriers of the body do to prevent pathogen infection?
* Prevent pathogens from crossing epithelia and colonising tissues * Destroy pathogens indiscriminately.
52
What is haematopoiesis?
The generation of blood cells, which occurs in the bone marrow in humans.
53
Label the diagram of haematopoiesis from a to f
a - bone marrow b - bone marrow c - blood d - lymph nodes e - tissues f - effector cells
54
Label the diagram of haematopoiesis from a to ac
a - pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell b - common lymphoid progenitor c - common myeloid progenitor d - granulocyte/macrophage progenitor e - megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor f - megakaryocyte g - erythroblast h - B cell i - T cell j - NK cell k - Immature dendritic cell l - granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leucocites) m - neutrophil n - eosinophil o - basophil p - unknown precursor of mast cell q - monocyte r - platelets s - erythrocyte t - B cell u - T cell v - NK cell w - mature dendritic cell x - immature dendritic cell y - mast cell z - macrophage aa - plasma cell ab - activated T cell ac - activated NK cell
55
Where are pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells found?
Bone marrow
56
Which progenitor cells are found in the bone marrow?
* Common lymphoid progenitor * Common myeloid progenitor * Granulocyte/macrophage progenitor * Megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor
57
Which cells are found in the blood?
* B cell * T cell * NK cell * Immature dendritic cell * Neutrophil * Eosinophil * Basophil * Unknown precursor of mast cell * Monocyte * Platelets * Erythrocyte
58
Which cells are found in the lymph nodes?
* B cell * T cell * NK cell * Mature dendritic cell * Macrophages
59
Which leucocytes are found in the tissues?
* Immature dendritic cells * Mast cell * Macrophage
60
What are the effector leucocytes?
* Plasma cell * Activated T cell * Activated NK cell
61
What sustains our blood throughout our lives?
Haematopoietic cells
62
What are the properties of haematopoietic cells?
* Self-renewing * Pluripotent
63
What are the characteristics of the non-specific immune response?
* Protection against pathogens in a non-specific way. * Prevention of entry to the body. * Destruction of pathogens once they enter the body.
64
What are the non-specific defenses?
* Antimicrobial proteins * Natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes * Inflammation
65
What are some antimicrobial proteins?
* Interferons (IFNs) * Compliment * Transferrins
66
What are interferons?
* Antimicrobial proteins. * Produced by virally infected lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts. * Function as chemical messengers, instruct neighbour cells to produce antiviral proteins.
67
Three main types of interferons
* Alpha * Beta * Gamma
68
Properties of antiviral proteins
Disrupt viral replication
69
What are compliment antimicrobial proteins?
* Normally inactive in blood plasma and on plasma membranes forming a complement system. * When activated enhances specific inflammatory reactions.
70
What are transferrins?
* Iron binding proteins. * Inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing available iron.
71
Which type of leucocyte is this?
Dendritic cell
72
Which type of leucocyte is this?
Macrophage
73
Which type of leucocyte is this?
Neutrophil
74
Which type of leucocyte is this?
Natural killer (NK) cell
75
Which type of leucocyte is this?
Neutrophil
76
Which type of leucocyte is this?
Neutrophil
77
Which type of leucocyte is this?
Dendritic cell
78
Which type of leucocyte is this?
Natural killer (NK) cell
79
What type of cells are natural killer cells?
Specialised granular lymphocytes
80
What do natural killer cells defend against?
Tumour cells and virally infected cells
81
What do natural killer cells detect?
* Pathogen indirectly. * Detect the effects of the pathogen on the host cell. * Detect a lack of host proteins or induction of stress proteins.
82
Which antigen-presenting cells do natural killer cells attack?
Foreign-membrane histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen-presenting cells.
83
How do natural killer cells destroy their targets?
Releasing perforins or binding and directly inflicting damage
84
What phagocytes are involved in the non-specific immune response?
* Neutrophil * Dendritic cell * Macrophage
85
What are phagocytes?
Engulfing cells that are able to recognise microbes through specific receptors.
86
What are neutrophils?
* Short-lived * Normally found in the blood * Highly phagocytic granulocyte * Produce lots of various antimicrobial factors
87
What are dendritic cells?
* Found throughout the body * Sentinels of the immune system * Phagocytic * A crucial link between innate and adaptive immune response.
88
What are macrophages?
* Found in most if not all tissues. * Highly phagocytic and antimicrobial. * Directs both innate and adaptive through cytokine secretion and antigen presentation. * Important for non-inflammatory clearance of apoptotic cells.
89
Label the phases of phagocytosis from 1-5
1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence 3. Ingestion 4. Digestion 5. Killing
90
Label the diagram of phagocytosis from a to h
a - microbe b - phagocyte c - Digested microbe in phagolysosome d - Residual body (indigestible material) e - Digestive enzymes f - Plasma membrane g - Lysosome h - Pseudopod
91
Five stages of phagocytosis
1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence 3. Ingestion 4. Digestion 5. Killing
92
Symptoms of inflammation
* Redness * Pain * Heat * Swelling
93
Functions of inflammation
* Traps invading microorganisms * Allows region to be perfused with phagocytes and NK cell rich tissue fluids
94
Is inflammation specific or non-specific?
Non-specific
95
3 phases of inflammation
1. Vasodilation 2. Increased blood vessel permeability 3. Phagocyte migration and tissue repair
96
What aids inflammation?
* Histamine * Kinins * Prostaglandins * Leukotrienes * Complement inflammation proteins
97
What are histamines?
* Released by mast cells in connective tissue, basophils and platelets in response to injury. * Attract neutrophils and macrophages to injury sites. * Induces vasodilation and increased the permeability of blood vessels.
98
What are kinins?
* Formed from inactive precursor molecules called kininogens. * Induces vasodilation and increases the permeability of blood vessels. * Promotes chemotaxis by phagocytes.
99
What are prostaglandins?
* Lipids that are released by damaged cells. * Intensify effects of histamines and kinins. * Increase the migration of phagocytes through capillary walls.
100
What are leukotrienes?
* Guidance cue for phagocytes. * Increase the permeability of blood vessels. * Increase adherence of phagocytes to pathogens. * Released by basophils and mast cells.
101
What are complement inflammation proteins?
* Number of components associated with the release of histamine and the attraction of phagocytosis. * Direct the destruction of some bacteria.
102
Label the diagram from a to g
a - Tissue injury b - Chemotaxis c - Microbe d - Phagocyte e - Phagocyte f - Emigration g - Vasodilation and increased permeability
103
What does vasodilation do to blood vessels?
Increases permeability.
104
What happens to arteries following injury?
Dilation and increased permeability
105
What do the dilation and increased permeability of arteries following injury cause?
* Localised oedema * Erythema * Increased temperature * Associated pain
106
What results in the formation of a scab?
Leakage of blood clotting factors into the injury.
107
What happens to the wound site within an hour of injury?
Neutrophils are directed to the wound site.
108
Where do neutrophils and monocytes migrate from to get to the wound site?
From the bloodstream
109
What is the process by which neutrophils and monocytes migrate to the wound site following injury?
Diapedesis
110
Which white blood cells are first to the wound site?
Neutrophils followed by monocytes a few hours later
111
What happens to neutrophils and monocytes in the wound site tissue?
They turn into wondering phagocytotic macrophages that eventually die and form pus.
112
When does pus formation stop?
When the infection has been destroyed.
113
How is pus dispersed?
Drainage or absorption
114
What happens to pus when it does not disperse?
* Abscess * Inflamed spot * Open running sore * Ulcer
115
What makes an individual prone to extremity ulceration?
Poor blood circulation
116
What diseases make an individual more prone to extremity ulcers as a result of poor circulation?
* Diabetes * Atherosclerosis
117
Another term for 'extremity ulcer'
Static ulcer
118
What is a fever?
Increase in body temperature associated with the inflammatory response.
119
Why can a bacterial infection cause a fever?
Many bacterial toxins stimulate cytokine and interleukin release which make the hypothalamus increase the body temperature.
120
Why does an increase in temperature benefit the non-specific immune response?
* Enhances activity of interferons * Increases activity of macrophages * Inhibits replication of bacterial cells
121
Why does an increase in temperature benefit the growth and repair of the body?
* Increases biochemical reactions in the body. * Increases activity of repair associated enzymes.
122
Label the diagram from a to u
a - eye b - brain c - microglia d - keratinocyte e - Langerhans cell f - dermis g - macrophage h - blood vessel i - spleen j - splenic macrophage k - small intestine l - intestinal macrophage m - lymph node n - Subcapsular sinusoidal macrophages and medullary macrophages o - osteoclast p - bone marrow macrophage q - Kupffer cell r - liver s - lung t - alveolar macrophage u - intraocular macrophage
123
Function of a macrophage
* Phagocytosis * Antigen presentation * Role in homeostasis * Role in tissue remodeling
124
Function of splenic macrophage
* Clearance of senescent red blood cells by red pulp macrophages. * Clearance of blood-borne particulate antigens by marginal zone macrophages.
125
Function of intestinal macrophage
* Recognition and removal of enteric pathogens. * Tolerance to food antigens and microbiota.
126
Function of subscapular sinusoidal macrophages and medullary macrophages
Antigen capture and presentation to B cells.
127
Function of osteoclast
Bone resorption
128
Function of Kupffer cell
Clearance of pathogens and toxins
129
Function of alveolar macrophage
Elimination of dust, allergens and microorganisms.
130
Macrophage found in the brain
Microglia
131
What do professional macrophages do?
Express receptors that detect signals that are present in unhealthy tissue.
132
How do macrophage receptors detect unhealthy signals?
* Scavenger receptors detect signals of apoptotic, necrotic and opsonised pathogens. * Toll-like receptors recognise pathogens. * Pattern recognition receptors detect foreign antigens or damage.
133
What macrophage surface receptors are commonly used in research?
* F4/80 * CD11b and CD18 (MAC-1) * CD68 * Fcγ
134
What are the 4 macrophage subsets?
* Classically activated macrophages (M1) * Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) * Regulatory macrophages * Myeloid-derived suppressor cells/tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs)
135
Function of M1 macrophage
* Defense against bacteria * Anti-tumour activity * Pro-inflammatory
136
Function of M2 macrophage
* Anti-inflammatory action * Regulates wound healing * Parasite killing * Interleukin 4 and 13 production
137
Function of regulatory macrophages
Secretes large amounts of interleukin 10
138
Function of TAMs
Anti-tumour immunity
139
What are macrophages able to adopt upon stimulation?
Context dependent phenotypes; therefore, a spectrum of activated macrophage phenotypes.
140
What are the two sides of the macrophage plasticity spectrum?
* Classically activated macrophages * Alternatively activated macrophages
141
What are the two divisions of alternatively activated macrophages?
* Regulatory macrophages * Wound-healing macrophages
142
What are some receptors of classically activated macrophages?
* CD80 * CCR7 * Fcg * CD64 * CD32 * CD26
143
What is the function of classically activated macrophages?
Produce nitric oxide and secrete interleukin 12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α).
144
What are some receptors of alternatively activated macrophages?
* Scavenger receptor CD163 * Mannose receptor CD206
145
How do macrophages develop?
* Myeloid precursors in red bone marrow * Monocytes in the blood * Specific macrophage in tissue
146
Receptors on monocytes
* β1 and β2 integrins * Immunoglobin super family members * Selectins * EGF-TM7 receptors
147
Pro-inflammatory activations of macrophages
* Innate activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) * Classical activation (M1) of interferon (IFN-γ), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and receptors and pro-inflammatory receptors.

IMS - Immunology (6 decks)

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