The Lung and Thorax Abnorms Flashcards
- Ribs are horizontal instead of normal downward slope
- Associated with normal aging, chronic emphysema, asthma and hyperinflation of the lungs
- No indents
- Round and equal AP to transverse diameter
Barrel chest
- Sunken sternum and cartilages
- Depression begins at second intercostal space
- Noticeable during inspiration
- Usually congenital and non symptomatic
Pectus Excavatum
- Forward protrusion of the sternum
- Ribs sloping back at either side
- No treatment, serverity may be surgery
Pectus Carinatum
- Lateral S-shaped curvature of thoracic and lumbar spine
- Unequal shoulder and scapular height
- Unequal hip levels
- Rib interspaces flared on convex side
- May reduce lung volume
- At risk for cardiopulmondary function
Scoliosis
- Exaggerated posterior curavature of the thoracic spine
- Causes significant back pain
- Limited mobility
- Compensation may be shown in the neck
- Associated with aging
Kyphosis
Purposeful to expand alveoli
Sigh
- Rapid, shallow breathing
- more than 24/min
- Normal responses to fever, fear, exercise
- Response to pneumonia, alkalosis, pleurisy, lesions in pons
Tachypnea
- Increase in breath rate and depth
- Extreme exertion, fear, anxiety
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Blows off CO2 causing a decreased level in blood (alkolosis)
Hyperventilation
- Slow breathing
- decreased but regular rate
- less than 10/min
- drug induced depression, increased intracranial pressure and diabetic coma
Bradypnea
- irregular shallow pattern
- caused by overdose of narcotics or anesthetics
- prolonged bed rest
- conscious splinting of the chest to avoid resp. pain
hypoventilation
- cycle where respirations gradually wax and wane in reg pattern
- increases in rate and depth and then decreasing
- breathing periods of 30 to 45 seconds then 20 seconds of apnea
- most commonly from heart failures
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
- normal inspiration and prolonged expiration to overcome increased airway resistance
- may lead to dyspenic episode because the person does not have enough time for full expiration
chronic obstructive breathing
Why does increased tactile fremitus happen?
it is due to conditions that increase the density of lung tissue
why does decreased tactile fremitus happen?
it is due to anything obstructing the transmission of vibrations
what is rhonchal fremitus?
felt when inhaled air passes through thick srcretions in larger bronchi
what is pleural friction fremitus?
inflammation of the parietal or visceral pleura causes a decrease in normal lubricating fluid
what is a discontinuous sound in the lungs?
crackles and pleural friction rub
what is continuous sounds in the lungs?
wheeze and stridor
where did the crackles in sim lab occur?
alveoli - fluid
where did stridor occur in sim lab?
trachea, beginning of path
where did wheeze occur?
end of inspiration , beginning of expiration, obstructions
Bronchophony
Voice transmission is soft and muffled and indistinct
Egophony
“eeeee”
Atelectasis
collapse
caused by hypoventilation of alveoli and is often due to the high level of CO2 in the blood
hypercapnia
low level of O2 in the arterial blood
hypoxemia
draw of breath with other material in it that may cause obstruction
aspiration
partial or complete lung collapse
atelectasis
excess fluid in the lungs
pulmonary edema
includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis and occassionally asthma
COPD
over inflation of the alveoli is most likely linked to what disease?
emphysema
a sound caused by a foreign body obstruction and airway tumor. the sound is heard early during inspiration
stridor
sound occurs in the bronchi or bronchioles, can be cleared by coughing and is often during expiration
wheeze
sound occurs in the alveoli and caused by fluid in the lungs typically
crackles (rales)
what is caused by the collection of fluid in the interpleural space with compression of overlying lung tissue?
pleural effusion
bacterial infection of the lung
TB
where does the base of the lungs lie?
6th Rib, midclavicular line, on top of diaprahgm
where does the apex of the lungs lie?
above inner 1/3 of clavicle
what is the exchange of gases between the inhaled air and the blood in the pulmonary arteries
external resp
what is the exchange of gases at the cellular level between the tissue cells and blood in the systematic capillaries
internal resp
- calcified costal cartialages
- less mobile thorax
- decrease in respiratory muscle strength
- lung elasticity decrease
- decrease in vital cap
- increase in res volume
- decrease in number of alveoli
- increase of post op infection and complications
the aging adult factors
why do elders have an increase risk of complications and post op infection?
they arent able to cough as much, they have more secretions and have a lame protective airway reflexes
