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Neuroscience 4 > The Limbic System > Flashcards

The Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

limbic cortex

A

cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus

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2
Q

hippocampal formation

A

dentate gyrus- 3 layers- acellular, graunlar, and inner polymorphic

hippocampus- 3 layers- molecular, pyramidal, and inner polymorphic

contains 4 different cell regions- CA1, 2, 3, and 4

subiculum- composed of presubiculum, parasubiculum, and subiculum

transition zone between 6 layered entorhinal cortex and 3 layered hippocampus

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3
Q

amygdala anatomy

A

located beneath the uncus

contains 13 nuclei, of note:

basolateral 
basomedial
lateral amygdalar
centromedial, lateral, and central
extended amygdala
septal nuclei
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4
Q

cingulum

A

cingulate to amygdala tract/parahippocampal gyrus

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5
Q

fornix

A

output from hippocampus (entorihnal and subiculum) to hypothalamus

3 divisions: precommissural, postcommissural, and nonfornical

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6
Q

mammillothalamic tract

A

mammillary bodies to anterior and dorsal thalamus

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7
Q

anterior thalamic projections

A

input from fornix and mammillothalamic tracts

output to orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate

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8
Q

unicate fasciculus

A

originate in anterior temporal lobe, uncus, amygdala

enters orbitofrontal cortex

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9
Q

stria terminalis

A

output from amygdala terminateing in septum/hypothalamus

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10
Q

stria habelularis

A

septal nuclei to habenula

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11
Q

ventra amygdalofugal pathway

A

output from amygdala to hypothalamus

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12
Q

basolateral amygdalar circuit

A

set of connections that encodes and relays information pertinent to social signals and social acts

ex empathy or inference

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13
Q

spatial orientation

A

hippocampus-diencephalon tracts (fornix and mammillothalamic tracts) and the parahippocampal-retrosplenial cortex (cingulum) contains information with spatial info and memory

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14
Q

integration of emotional and visceral states

A

temporo-amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex via unicate fasciculus- activated during introspective thought

deactivated during goal directed tasks

damage results in mood disorders

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15
Q

insula

A

connections to insula are important for interepreting visceral autonomic responses and imposing them on salience

interoception- sense of the physiological condition of the body

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16
Q

kluver bucy syndrome

A

loss of normal fear and anger responses, hypersexuality, hyperphalagia, visual agnosia

17
Q

difference between fear and anxiety

A

central nucleus of amygdala- acquisition and expression of fear to events

bed nucleus of stria terminalis- sustained, diffuse anxiety

connected via extended amygdala

18
Q

fear conditioning

A

lateral amygdala is most important structure for conditioned fear

after training, the conditioned stimulus is sufficient to produce activity out of lateral amygadala activating fear pathways, indicating that a change in the firing pattern of the LA is associated with a learned fear response

19
Q

importance of environment to fear response

A

lateral amygdala can adapt in response to training to conditioned stimulus, but the environment in which the training occured is also sufficient to elicit a fear response

20
Q

extinction and reconsolidation

A

reconsolidation- allows information associated w/ the memory to be updated and reinforced. occurs everytime a memory is retrieved

extinguishing- not a degradation, substition of a new memory where an aversive pairing no longer exists

21
Q

key processes of extinction

A

NMDA receptors in basolateral amygdala are required for acquisition of fear extinction

fear extinction associated with change in synaptic strength of projections from hippocampus to mPFC

22
Q

PTSD

A

characterized by the inappropriate retrieval of fear memories leading to maladaptive arousal and stress

drugs interfering w/ reconsolidation or augementing extinction have some success w/ PTSD

23
Q

optogenetics and dentate gyrus

A

encode contextual memory engrams- project to basolateral amygdala

stimulation via optogenetics created a false contextual fear memory

valence (fear or reward) could also be manipulated

24
Q

theories of cognitive decision making

A

balance between emotional and congnitive processes

striatum, amygdala, mPFC, OFC, insular cortex

vs

dlPFC, aPFC, posterior parietal cortex

25
Q

stress in goal directed behaviors

A

stress dependent changes in dlPFC correlate w/ decrease in goal directed behavior and increase in habitual behavior

signaling via norepi and glucocorticoids contribute to habitual behavior

stress impairs PFC functioning in decision making and increases risky decision making

26
Q

insula is involved in social decision making

A

ok

27
Q

integration of mood into decision making

A

insula and ventral striatum involved, w/ interpretation that involvement of VS signified reduced reward associated w/ decision making

hypothesis- activity in regions that regulate emotion and its reward (amygdala, ventral striatum) shift neural processing circuits that underlie subjective value assessments (OFC)

28
Q

vmPFC

A

damage shows lover impact of social factors in decision making

29
Q

implicit bias structures

A

amygdala, insula, cingulate, OFC

fast, automatic, no processing

30
Q

explici bias structures

A

PFC, frontopolar cortex

slow, conscious, cognitively taxing

31
Q

reapprasial

A

conscious override of unconscious assessments

32
Q

stereotyping

A

priming of stereotyping done by vmPFC

output to dlPFC

dlPFC then has task of overriding or suppressing those stereotypes

33
Q

extended amygdala

A

part of anxiety circuit

34
Q

CRF

A

elevated CRF is hallmark of anxiety

differential expression in extended amygdala may explain sex specific differences to stress

CRF increases 5-HT receptor internalization, increasing anxiety like behavior (more so in women than men)

5-HT receptors are also internalized by CRF

drugs promoting 5HT are major target for therapy

35
Q

BnST and stress

A

central amygdala projects to basal nucleus of stria terminalis w/ CRF- connection for anxiogenic action

Neuroscience 4 (10 decks)

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