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Neuroscience 4 > The Homeostatic Brain > Flashcards

The Homeostatic Brain Flashcards

1
Q

tuber cinereum

A

grey swelling on ventral surface of the brain in region between mammillary bodies and optic chiasm

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2
Q

where is the hypophysial portal system?

A

median eminence

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3
Q

what are the 3 regions of they hypothalamus and how are they defined?

A

anterior/preoptic- anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries

tuberal- posterior communicating artery

posterior- posterior communicating, posteroir cerebral and basilar arteries

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4
Q

medial peroptic area

A

preoptic/anterior region

thermosensitive neurons for temperature regulation

gonadotropin secretion- reproductive and sexual behavior

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5
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

preoptic/anterior region

circadian rhythms

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6
Q

ventromedial nucleus

A

tuberal region

reproductive and sexual behaviors

glucose homeostasis and regulation of food intake

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7
Q

lateral hypothalamic area

A

tuberal region

feeding area- regulation of food intake

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8
Q

median forebrain bundle

A

limbic afferent to hypothalamus

hypothalamus to brainstem, amygdala, retina, and olfactory system. regulates somatic and metabolic activities associated w/ stress

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9
Q

fornix

A

limbic afferent to hypothalamus

connects hypothalamus to mammillary bodies

mammillary bodies to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus

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10
Q

stria terminalis

A

limbic afferent to hypothalamus

hypothalamus to amygdala

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11
Q

afferents to hypothalamus from brainstem

A

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

median forebrain bundle

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12
Q

afferents to hypothalamus from retina

A

retinohypothalamic tract

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13
Q

major limbic hypothalamic efferents

A

mammillothalamic tract

median forebrain bundle

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14
Q

major reticular system hypothalamic efferents

A

mammillothalamic tract

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15
Q

major autonomic hypothalamic efferents

A

median forebrain bundle

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

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16
Q

supraopticohypophyseal tract

A

carries axons from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei to the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

carry NTs AVP and oxytocin

17
Q

oxytocin

A

released in response to sexual stimulation, uterine dilation, nursing, and stress

during late pregnancy, produces uterine contraction and milk secretion

implicated w/ increasing trust, empahty, eye contact etc.

lack of oxytocin may be associated w/ autism

18
Q

pair bonding

A

oxytocin and AVP send neuronal contractions centrally and are important of affiliative states- maternal instincts, pair bonding, aggression, love

19
Q

tuberoinfundibular tract

A

parvocellular neurons in periventricular regions of hypothalamus influence hormonal release from anterior pituitary

20
Q

where do sex hormones feedback?

A

negative on GnRH in hypo

negative on anterior pituitary for FSH and LH

21
Q

neuronal control of HPG axis

A

cells within preoptic area that synthesize and release peptide GnRH

show bursting behavior- critical for appropriate release of gonaotropic hormones

dont express sex hormone receptors- presynaptic neurons do

22
Q

kisspeptin

A

presynaptic neurons that synthesize kisspeptin and act on G coupled proteins that regulate GnRH neurons

also play role in energy homeostasis and body fat.

regulated by circadian rhythms

act as sensors of the environment to make sure reproduction only occurs when conditions are right

23
Q

importance of sex hormones in the brain in development

A

lots of receptors in POA

act in development to impoart permanent in neural structures that underlie man of the sexual differentiated aspects of the brain

24
Q

sexually differentiated brain areas in rodents

A

VMN and POA

25
Q

steroid hormones regulate VMN and POA circuits in these 2 ways

A

activational effects of gonadal steroids in the brain- activational effects of gonadal steroid are required for cyclicity in females, sex specific behaviors

organizational effects- act during a critical period to impart specific differences- POA is most well studies

26
Q

master circadian regulator

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

creates a cycle length of 24 hours- intrinsic, but also effected by environmental cues such as light- receive input from retina

effects eating, sleeping, energy, and temp via connections fo PVN, VMN, LHA

27
Q

how is the circadian rhythm generated?

A

individual neurons in the SCN have transcription factors (CLOCK BMAL1, Cry, and Per) that regulate each other on a 24 cycle

28
Q

what brain areas are important for feeding

A

ventromedial nucleus and arcuate (satiety) and lateral hypothalamic area (feeding)

29
Q

casein kinases

A

regulate stability of circadian rhythm transcription factors

mutations cause shorter circadian rhythms

FASPS

30
Q

orexigenic v anorexigenic

A

stimulates feeding vs suppresses feeding

31
Q

ghrelin

A

acute signal that initiates food intake, decrease energy utilization and increase adiposity

acts on same neurons as leptin

produced in stomach when stomach is empty

32
Q

CCK

A

acute info about gastro fil via vagal afferents to solitary nucleus and to limit meal size

33
Q

leptin

A

provides peripheral signal from body to brain that reflects state of nutrition

produced by white adipose cells

designed to maintain adequate fat stores during lean times

along with insulin, has access to hypothalamus b/c of compromised BBB near areas postrema

34
Q

leptin receptors

A

large numbers in hypothalamus

encoded by db gene, coming in short and long form- long form is important

members of cytokine superfamily- use JAK kinase

35
Q

effects of leptin binding

A

occurs w/ high fat

inhibit production of AgRP, NPY and stimulate POMC (a-MSH) in arcuate nucleus

AgRP and NPY are orexigenic, a-MSH is anorexigenic

36
Q

which nuclei house anorexigenic neurons and which nuclei house orexigenic neurons

A

anor- paraventricular PVN

ore- perifornical area PFA, Lateral hypothalamic area LHA

37
Q

estrogen receptor related alpha

A

expressed in LHA and other areas linked to feeding

upregulated w/ caloric restriction

ESRAA null female mice are small and do not gain weight, show increased compulsive behaviors

38
Q

orexin

A

expressed in LHA, helps regulate food intake and energy expenditure

inhibit by leptin and increased by ghrelin

orexinergic

narcolepsy- loss of orexin neurons

Neuroscience 4 (10 decks)

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