Cortex Localization

Question 1

how did brodmann define his original areas?

Answer 1

slight differences in the cellular composition and laminar structure w/in the cortex

Question 2

executive v perceptual corticies

Answer 2

frontal- executive

caudal- perceptual

Question 3

association cortex

Answer 3

input from multiple sensory modalities

associated w/ higher processes such as memory, planning, language, math

Question 4

parietal association cortex

Answer 4

includes brodmann area 7

involved w/ spatial localization , attention, agency

important for working memory w/ frontal

deficits can result in neglect- contralateral neglect occurs when damage occurs in non dominant hemisphere

deficits also cause optic apraxia, optic ataxia, and tactile agnosia

Question 5

contralateral neglect syndrome

Answer 5

caused by damage to non dominant parietal cortex

non dominant parietal lobe attends to both sides of world

spatial attention in dominant hemisphere is only contralateral, thus loss of non dominant parietal cortex leads to contralateral neglect

deficits may be severe or very mild (extinction)

Question 6

optic apraxia/ataxia

Answer 6

apraxia- deficits in visual scanning of the environments

ataxia- deficit in hand eye coordination

both caused by parietal damage

Question 7

balints syndrome

Answer 7

co occurrences of optic apraxia, ataxia, and simultanagnosia (inability to perceive multiple objects in visual field

occurs following bilateral parietal damage

Question 8

tactile agnosia

Answer 8

inability to identify objects by touch despite normal sensory ability

requires parietal cortex

Question 9

temporal association cortex

Answer 9

brodmanns areas 21 and 22

process auditory and visual info, important for object recognition and language comprehension

deficits: visual agnosia, prosoagnosia, auditory agnosia, receptive aphasia, acalculia

Question 10

visual agnosia

Answer 10

inability to recognize objects by sight

temporal association

Question 11

prosopagnosia

Answer 11

inability to recognize faces

occurs after lesions to non dominant inferior temporal lobe

Question 12

auditory agnosia

Answer 12

inability to recognize or make sense of complex sounds (words)

temporal association

Question 13

receptive aphasia

Answer 13

wernickes aphasia

damage to wernickes area leads to deficits in language comprehension

temporal association

Question 14

acalculia

Answer 14

impairs ability to do math

occurs w/ damage to dominant temporal lobe and angular gyrus

Question 15

dorsolateral cortex

Answer 15

areas 9 10 46

executive functions- working memory, judgement, planning, sequencing of activity, dividing attention, abstract reasoning

Question 16

orbitomedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 16

areas 11 and 12

impulse control, personality, reactivity to surroundings, mood

Question 17

anterior cingulate gyrus

Answer 17

part of orbitomedial prefrontal cortex

associated w/ mood

Question 18

frontal cortex and motor behaviors

Answer 18

frontal cortex inhibits motor behaviors, but this can be impaired if the frontal cortex is damaged

ex. utilization behaviors- individuals grasp nearby objects in meaningful ways but at inappropriate times

perseveration- repetition of a normal motor pattern after it should stop

Question 19

vountary movement

Answer 19

associated w/ a sense of agency that stems from parietal cortex

however, the decisions themselves are associated w/ increased activity in supplementary motor cortex before their is conscious awareness of the decision- readiness potential

Question 20

abulia

Answer 20

inability to initate movements

Question 21

alien hand syndrome

Answer 21

damage to the connections between frontal and parietal association cortex

there is no sense of agency,
and the hand seems to move as it it were independently controlled

Question 22

dominant v non dominant hemispheres

Answer 22

applies to which hemisphere shows language specialization

most people- left is dominant and has language

Question 23

Wada test

Answer 23

anesthetic injected into internal carotid only on one side while they are doing a task that requires verbal skills- identifies langauge dominant hemisphere

Question 24

language cortex

Answer 24

wenickes (22) and brocas (44 and 45- inferior frontal gyrus) areas

wernickes- receptive aphasia- problems decoding the meaning of words

brocas- motor aphasia- difficulty generating spoken or written words

both are also used for abstract symbolism- both used in deaf individuals for sign language

Question 25

transcortical aphasias

Answer 25

wernickes and brocas are intact, but areas around them are damaged

repeat very well, but cannot understand complex phrases or generate spontaneous language

echolalia- parrot back whatever is said to them

Question 26

non dominant wernickes and brocas areas

Answer 26

used to understand or generate inflections that put language into context

Question 27

self identification v identification of others

Answer 27

self ident- occurs in dominant hemi

others- occurs in non dom- including facial recognition

Question 28

prefrontal laterlization

Answer 28

damage to dominant produces depression

damage to non dom produces mania