Brain and Behavior

Question 1

limbic encephalitis

Answer 1

sub acute memory decline

infection: herpes encephalitis
autoimmune: voltage gated K receptor Ab
paraneoplastic- NMDA encephalitis- ovarian teratoma

infection/inflammation of limbic system presents w/ subacute decline in memory w/ possible psychiatric symptoms

treated: IVIG

Question 2

circuit of papez

Answer 2

lesions cause anterograde amnesia

Question 3

HM

Answer 3

hippocampi removed for seizures

good short term memory

stopped forming new memories- no long term memory

Question 4

DK

Answer 4

continuously repeats whats going on?

working memory intact
short term memory intact

long term memory gone

had transient global amnesia

Question 5

transient global amnesia

Answer 5

venous congestion in posterior circulation- affects hippocampus

valsalva activity? emotional stress?

duration- 2-12 hours. recurrence rate of 15%

anterograde amnesia

Question 6

EY

Answer 6

presents- confusion, ataxia, nystagmus, opthalmoplegia

has wernicke encephalopathy

treated w/ thiamine

2 months later, still has memory problems- long term memory gone

mammillary bodies damaged in wernickes- korsakoffs syndrome

Question 7

korsakoffs snydrome

Answer 7

korsakoffs syndrome occurs at resolution of wernickes in 20%

confabulations- confusion

need nursing home care

d/t thiamine deficient

necrosis of mamillary bodies

Question 8

PK

Answer 8

difficulty speaking, normal memory and cognitive functions

atrophy around sylvian fissue- left frontal lobe

Question 9

primary progressive aphasia

Answer 9

language based dementia in absence of other cognitive problems

normal attention, memory, visuospatial function, and object recognition

form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration- degernation in left frontal lobe

treatment: speech therapy, stimulants, adaptive disease

Question 10

brocas aphasia

Answer 10

language production- poor

comprehension- good

repetition- poor

Question 11

wenickes aphasia

Answer 11

language production- good but w/ errors

comprehension- poor

repetition- poor

Question 12

conduction aphasia

Answer 12

launguage productoin- good

comprehension- good

repetition- poor

Question 13

transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 13

language production- good

comprehension- poor

repetition- good

Question 14

transcortical motor aphasia

Answer 14

language production- poor

comprehension- good

repetition- good

Question 15

GH

Answer 15

difficulty reading w/o difficulty writing

right homonoymous hemianopia

able to write dictation

cannot read what she wrote

Question 16

exners areas

Answer 16

left middle frontal gyrus

causes agraphia

Question 17

left angular gyrus

Answer 17

can cause pure agraphia

Question 18

left supramarginal gyrus

Answer 18

causes pure agraphia

Question 19

left fusiform gyrus

Answer 19

lesions cause pure alexia

Question 20

dejerine syndrome

Answer 20

alexia w/o agraphia

lesion tumor involves splenium and L occipital lobe

means no visual info can reach L hemisphere language centers

Question 21

doesnt see things on left side of vision

extinguishes on left side w/ bilateral stimulation

Answer 21

neglect- caused by parietal fields

not only restricted to vision

Question 22

superior parietal lobule

Answer 22

lesions prevent complex somatosensory

can tell you are touching them, cant tell a written pattern, if you’re touching with one or two points, etc

Question 23

left inferior parietal lobule

Answer 23

angular gyrus- gerstmann syndrom (right-left disorientation, finger agnosia, agrpahia, acalculia)

supramarginal gyrus- apraxia

Question 24

right inferior parietal lobule

Answer 24

contralateral neglect

constructional disorders

body-garmet disorientation (dressing apraxia)

Question 25

where v what pathways

Answer 25

what- temporal (object recognition)-
visual agnosia

where- parietal, frontal (spatial)
lesions cause optic ataxia, inability to see “big picture”

Question 26

balint syndrome

Answer 26

where pathway

optix ataxia, optic apraxia, asimultagnosia

Question 27

posterior cortical atrophy

Answer 27

slowly progressive dementia similar to ADs but w/ notable distinction

visual agnosia
balint syndrome
gerstmann syndrome

plaques and tangles in visual areas and association areas

Question 28

frontotemporal dementia

Answer 28

younger than AD

apathetic
not aware of problem
normal memory, normal visuospatial
atrophy of hand muscles

pick bodies- filaments of tau proteins
ubiquitin inclusions- placques w/o tau found throughout frontal lobe

familial

treated w/ SSRIs or antipsychotics

Question 29

prefrontal cortex

Answer 29

receives connections from all multimodal association areas and many limbic areas

most associated area

Question 30

frontal lobe syndromes

Answer 30

bilateral dorsolateral- executive dysfunction

bilateral posterior orbitofrontal- disinhibition

bilateral anterior cingulate- apathetic

combinations common