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MSII - Behavioral Science > The Life Cycle > Flashcards

The Life Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what are biological and environmental factors present during prenatal period?

A

physical: infections, exposure to drugs
behavior: patterns in-utero can presage those that occur in birth
birth: 32% now by C-section

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2
Q

what is premature VS very premature birth? what may cause it?

A

premature < 37 weeks
very premature < 32 weeks

delayed childbearing or increased maternal age, low SES

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3
Q

what is an APGAR score?

A 
Appearance (color)
Pulse
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration

used to predict likelihood of immediate survival

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4
Q

what are some postpartum reactions?

A
  1. baby blues - exaggerated emotionally and tearfulness lasting a few days after birth
    - due to oxytocin-dopamine interactions associated with maternal-infant bond
    - social and psychological factors
  2. major depression - occurs in ~10% of new mothers within one month of childbirth
    - can persist for up to 1 year
  3. postpartum psychosis - 0.1%
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5
Q

how do spheres of development occur?

A
  • cephalad to caudad
  • central to peripheral
  • from self to others, and from understanding to expressing
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6
Q

what is the Chess and Thomas theory?

A

temperament (birth endogenous differences)
-activity level, reactivity to stimuli, cyclic behavior patterns, reactions to people, mood, distratibility, attention span

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7
Q

what is the Erik Erikson theory?

A

critical periods of social goals

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8
Q

what is the Jean Piaget theory?

A

cognitive or learning capabilities

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9
Q

what is the Margaret Mahler theory?

A

separation-individuation

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10
Q

what is the Freud theory?

A

parts of body in which pleasure is derived

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11
Q

what occurs in infancy to 18 mo?

A
  • human need for seeking presence of others
  • attachment
  • social smile at 12 weeks
  • stranger anxiety at 9 months
  • separation anxiety in first year, but object permanence comes first
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12
Q

how much will a stranger understand if a 1, 2, 3, and 4 year old speak to them?

A

1 yo: 25%
2 yo: 50%
3 yo: 75%
4 yo: 100%

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13
Q

what are reflexes and instincts infants have?

A

necessary for survival

  1. rooting reflex: touch cheek –> turn to nipple
  2. palmar grasp reflex: grip any object put in palm
  3. Moro reflex: limbs extend when child is startled
  4. Babinski reflex: dorsiflexion of toes when sole of foot is stroked (disappears at 1 year)
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14
Q

what occurs in the toddler years (18 mo to 3 years)?

A

Rapprochment: moves away (separation), but quickly returns for comfort

  • at age 2, show autonomy (“No!”) as “Terrible Twos”
  • parallel play next to, but not with, other children
  • at 3 yo: spend a few hours away from mother in care of another adult, gender identify
  • at 4 yo: bowel function
  • at 5 yo: bladder function
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15
Q

what is solitary, parallel, associative, and cooperative play?

A

solitary: alone
parallel: play next to another child, but not reciprocal
associative: play together, but different “goals”
cooperative: play together with same goal

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16
Q

what occurs in preschool years (3 to 6 years)?

A
  • sibling rivalry
  • regression (to get attention)
  • between 2 to 4 yo: vocabulary increases dramatically (repeats bathroom words)
  • active fantasy life (imaginary friends), but knows they’re not real
  • at 4 yo: cooperative play
  • strong fear of bodily injury (not good for elective procedures
  • curiosity about bodies (play doctor)
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17
Q

what are milestones at 6 yo?

A
  • development of child’s conscious (superego)
  • sense of morality (right VS wrong)
  • empathy
  • learns that lying is wrong
  • understanding finality of death (associated fears of losing loved ones)
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18
Q

what occurs in school age and adolescence (7 to 11 years)?

A
  • psychosexual issues are dormant/latent
  • industry VS inferiority (compare selves to others)
  • lifelong sense of competence
  • formal schooling starts, thus capacity for logical thought (reason and mathematics)
  • concrete operations (more than one property, concept of conversion)
  • learning problems identified
19
Q

what are play and peer relationships for school age kids?

A
  • relationships with adults who are not primary caregiver
  • peer relationships with same sex
  • not fitting in may cause them to get bossy or aggressive, depressed, anxious, or low self-esteem
  • sexuality: latent, identify with parent of same sex
  • morality: rule conscious (“play fair”) but by 12 they are more flexible
  • more complex motor tasks (team sports for gross motor skills)
  • illness: deal better with hospitalization
  • by age 9: universality of death (know they can die too)
  • acting out as defense mechanism
20
Q

what are changes in the brain that occur in adolescence?

A
  • myelination (increased white matter to gray matter volume)
  • frontal and parietal lobes still developing
  • pruning of up to 50% of synaptic connections, decline in glucose and O2 metabolism
21
Q

what occurs in early adolescence (11-14 years)?

A

puberty is physical indicator (girls at 10.5 yo VS boys at 11.5 yo)

  • first menstruation 11-14 yo
  • first ejaculation 12-15 yo
  • complete by 13.5 to 15 years (Tanner staging)
  • usually more obedient (older would oppose)
22
Q

what occurs in middle adolescence (15-17 years)?

A
  • by age 15: body image and popularity
  • prefer to spend time with friends over family
  • risk taking behavior (frontal lobe breaking system still developing)
  • education about obvious short-term benefits specifically (appearance, popularity)
  • autonomy/need for privacy
  • -less likely to comply with medical advice
23
Q

what occurs in late adolescence (18 to 20 years)?

A
  • identity crisis: define and refine place in world
  • role confusion
  • some but not all can develop abstraction (hypothetical and formal reasoning through calculus and formal operations)
24
Q

explain teenage sexuality and pregnancy

A
  • daily masturbation is normal
  • homosexual experiences may or may not be initial expressions of orientation
  • average first sexual intercourse at 16 yo, marriage at 23 yo (sex before marriage is norm)
  • fewer than 1/2 of sexually active teens regularly use contraceptive
25
Q

what are emotional and social factors that predispose to teen pregnancy?

A
  1. depression
  2. poor school achievement
  3. divorced parents

1/3 of American girls get pregnant before age 20

26
Q

what are phonological disorders?

A

leaves out or misplaces speech sounds (ca = cat, top = stop)

27
Q

what is articulation disorder?

A

unable to make necessary motor movements for accurate speec production (lisping)

28
Q

what is selective mutism?

A

usually starts at age 6

29
Q

what are challenges of early and middle adulthood?

A
  1. transitional periods
  2. reappraisal of desires, goals, and values
  3. vulnerable to physical and emotional illness during periods of life change (midlife crisis)
  4. regression (may become more adolescent)
30
Q

what are factors that increase divorce?

A
  • short courtship
  • teenage premarital pregnancy
  • absence of family support
  • prior divorce in family
  • differences in religion or SES
  • couples that experience serious illness in child
  • ~20% higher when one spouse is physician (female, married prior to medical school, psychiatry)
31
Q

what is there an increased risk for in single parent families?

A

physical and mental illness

32
Q

what is there an increased risk for in parent divorces?

A

child is at higher risk for school failure, depression, drug abuse, suicide, criminal activity, divorce themselves

33
Q

what does sole custody mean?

A

the parent who the child lives with has legal responsibility for the child and makes decisions about care
-other parent contributes to financial support and visits on scheduled basis

34
Q

what does joint custody mean?

A

child spends part of the time living with each parent

35
Q

what does split custody mean?

A

each parent has custody of at least one child in the family

36
Q

when is the best time to tell a child he or she is adopted?

A

at earliest possible age

  • told all that is known about biological parents
  • decreases chances other people will tell
37
Q

what occurs in early adulthood (20 to 40 years)?

A
  • at 30: one’s role in society is defined, physical development at peak, and individual is independent
  • -transition: love and work/intimacy VS isolation
  • -Freud: love and gratifying work
  • women often change paths in mid-30s, either by returning to work or becoming homemakers
  • adopt parental values after years of rebellion and soul seeking
38
Q

what occurs in middle adulthood (40 to 65 years)?

A

unique social responsibilities

  • good health, more money, power, authority
  • “Sandwich generation”: responsibilities to both older and younger relatives
  • generativity VS stagnation: more life behind than ahead
  • men: decrease in muscle strength, endurance, sexual performance
  • women: menopause (ovaries stop functioning/menstruation stops)
  • -most women have few significant physical/psychological changes
  • -vasomotor instability: fatigue, sleep problems relieved by ERT (but long-term increases risk of cancer for uterus)
39
Q

what are the losses that come with aging?

A
  • loss of social status
  • death of spouses, family members, and friends
  • decline in overall health and strength
  • most adjust well: freedom from responsibilities of work and childrearing
  • ego integrity VS despair: pride in accomplishments or feels wasted life
40
Q

what are the physical and neurological changes of aging?

A

neurological: decreased cerebral blood flow, decreased brain weight, amyloid plaques
- intelligence remains the same
- decreased nt availability (decreased secretion, increased monoamine oxidase, less responsive receptors)
- more sensitive to side effects, increased depression

41
Q

what are psychosocial changes of aging?

A
  • reduced bladder control
  • loss of strength
  • vision and hearing loss
  • abuse of cognitive or physically impaired elderly by caretakers
  • -elder abuse
  • -adult protective services are not mandates (yet) as are child protective services
42
Q

what is the psychopathology in elderly?

A
  • depression: memory loss and cognitive problems called pseudodementia
  • suicide rates increasing: social loss, physical illness or depression more common in elerly
  • anxiety
  • alcohol and substance abuse
  • delirium (illness or depression)
43
Q

what is bereavement VS complicated bereavement?

A

bereavement is normal grief

  • both have initial shock and denial, but in CB, denial can last over days or weeks
  • both have sadness, crying (normally subsides over 1-2 years), but if CB may intensify or persist over time
  • -suicidal thinking, hallucinations (which may be okay in certain ways)
  • anniversary reactions are common
  • cultural differences (internal VS external expressions)
44
Q

what is the role of physician in dying and death?

A
  • make aware the diagnosis and prognosis
  • reassurance that intense responses to news is expected
  • serve as resource to family
  • medically follow bereaved family members because of increased risk of morbidity and mortality
  • resist emotional detachment

MSII - Behavioral Science (18 decks)

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