The later years of Henry VIIIs reign Flashcards
Who were England’s enemies?
-the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and France ->they were all Catholic
Why did England fear Scotland?
-if they became England’s enemy England would then be surrounded and easily attacked
-it could be used as a base of attack
What was France and Spain’s relationship?
-they kept turning on each other but then forming an alliance
-when they allied it left England isolated
What was mainly happening in this time (1540-1547)?
-war with France and Scotland
What was the impact of war with France?
-lots of very expensive ships were build but Henry wanted to beat France so didn’t consider the economy
What was Henry’s foreign policy in the 1540s?
-pro-Habsburg and anti-French
What was fearful about the Scottish rulers?
-James V died and Mary Queen of Scots now ruled
-Henry proposed Edward to Mary but it was rejected
-Mary fled and married the heir to the French throne in 1559
Who were the people involved in the factions?
-Catherine Howard->Henrys 5th wife->she was 19 when she married Henry->used by Norfolk to engineer the fall of Cromwell (Catholic)
-Gardiner and Howard->very Catholic
-Thomas Cranmer->Protestant
-Catherine Parr->very Protestant
-they all aimed to gain Henry’s ear and get him to listen to them
Who was Denny?
-he had all access to the King’s private chambers and controlled the dry stamp->led to him having a lot of power and he could control what was sent by the King
Who was Paget?
-was in control about what written information reached Henry->he could filter what reached him->led to Henry having a lot less control and him being easily influenced
What were Henrys positive achievements?
-raising the status of the monarchy to near idolatry->he had bolstered national pride
-succession was secure even though Edward was a minor which wasn’t ideal
-Privy chamber had established itself as the supreme executive body by the 1540s
-the administration of government was more efficient that it had ever been
-less lawlessness particularly in the North and marcher lordships of Wales
-Henry was a builder of great palaces like which has not been seen since
What were Henry’s negative achievements?
-he had been to war 6 times->made no territorial gains except for Boulogne
-war made the dynasty financially vulnerable->by 1547 Henry was in deep financial trouble
-the needs of the poor were unaddressed from revenues of the Dissolution of the Monasteries
-religious reform saw Henry as the head of the church which made some Catholics unhappy->causing a divide
how many people were tried for treason and executed between 1532 and 1540?
-883 were tried for treason
-308 were executed
What was the result of Cromwell’s execution?
Henry didn’t have Cromwell to advise him against invading France which meant that England had lost a lot of money due to war
What was England like by 1547? (detailed)
-politically more stable
-captured Boulogne
-war with France and Scotland
-not a major power
-spent money on war
-reduced silver content of coins (debasement)->inflation and food prices rose
-Henry relied on nobles and churchmen for advice
-ruled without a Chief Minister
-Recency Council/Privy Council
-break from Rome
-monarch was the head of the church
-largely Catholic doctrine
-the Bible was available in England (should be in Latin)
-1525->Amicable Grant led to Protests against levels of tax
-1536->40,000 rebels over a range of issues (eg Pilgrimage of Grace)
What was England like in 1547? (summarised)
-politically more stable
-lots of religious divide
-in debt
-at war
When did Henry die?
January 1547
When did Henry amend his Will?
-a month before he died->he knew he was dying and he amended his will in preparation for Edward to take the throne
What was Henry’s will in modern English?
-Edward would take the throne and control England and Ireland
-Mary was next in line if Edward had not children, then Elizabeth, then Elizabeth’s children
-daughters must have consent from the council on their husbands
What was the 3rd Act of Succession and when was it?
-1543
-Edward will take the throne and control England and Ireland.
-Mary is next in line to the throne, if Edward has no children, after Edward but she will not marry without consent of the privy councillors but the crown will pass to her children if she has any
-after Mary has died Elizabeth will take the throne and her children will after she dies
What was Henry aware about when making his Will?
-factions
Who were the factions between?
-Catholics and Reformists
What did Henry do about the religious divide?
-new Privy Council with 8 Catholics and 8 Reformists->balanced council so it wouldn’t impact Edward
What was Edward Seymour’s title?
-Lord Protector
