The later years of Henry VIIIs reign Flashcards
Who were England’s enemies?
-the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and France ->they were all Catholic
Why did England fear Scotland?
-if they became England’s enemy England would then be surrounded and easily attacked
-it could be used as a base of attack
What was France and Spain’s relationship?
-they kept turning on each other but then forming an alliance
-when they allied it left England isolated
What was mainly happening in this time (1540-1547)?
-war with France and Scotland
What was the impact of war with France?
-lots of very expensive ships were build but Henry wanted to beat France so didn’t consider the economy
What was Henry’s foreign policy in the 1540s?
-pro-Habsburg and anti-French
What was fearful about the Scottish rulers?
-James V died and Mary Queen of Scots now ruled
-Henry proposed Edward to Mary but it was rejected
-Mary fled and married the heir to the French throne in 1559
Who were the people involved in the factions?
-Catherine Howard->Henrys 5th wife->she was 19 when she married Henry->used by Norfolk to engineer the fall of Cromwell (Catholic)
-Gardiner and Howard->very Catholic
-Thomas Cranmer->Protestant
-Catherine Parr->very Protestant
-they all aimed to gain Henry’s ear and get him to listen to them
Who was Denny?
-he had all access to the King’s private chambers and controlled the dry stamp->led to him having a lot of power and he could control what was sent by the King
Who was Paget?
-was in control about what written information reached Henry->he could filter what reached him->led to Henry having a lot less control and him being easily influenced
What were Henrys positive achievements?
-raising the status of the monarchy to near idolatry->he had bolstered national pride
-succession was secure even though Edward was a minor which wasn’t ideal
-Privy chamber had established itself as the supreme executive body by the 1540s
-the administration of government was more efficient that it had ever been
-less lawlessness particularly in the North and marcher lordships of Wales
-Henry was a builder of great palaces like which has not been seen since
What were Henry’s negative achievements?
-he had been to war 6 times->made no territorial gains except for Boulogne
-war made the dynasty financially vulnerable->by 1547 Henry was in deep financial trouble
-the needs of the poor were unaddressed from revenues of the Dissolution of the Monasteries
-religious reform saw Henry as the head of the church which made some Catholics unhappy->causing a divide
how many people were tried for treason and executed between 1532 and 1540?
-883 were tried for treason
-308 were executed
What was the result of Cromwell’s execution?
Henry didn’t have Cromwell to advise him against invading France which meant that England had lost a lot of money due to war
What was England like by 1547? (detailed)
-politically more stable
-captured Boulogne
-war with France and Scotland
-not a major power
-spent money on war
-reduced silver content of coins (debasement)->inflation and food prices rose
-Henry relied on nobles and churchmen for advice
-ruled without a Chief Minister
-Recency Council/Privy Council
-break from Rome
-monarch was the head of the church
-largely Catholic doctrine
-the Bible was available in England (should be in Latin)
-1525->Amicable Grant led to Protests against levels of tax
-1536->40,000 rebels over a range of issues (eg Pilgrimage of Grace)
