the knee and related structures

Question 1

bones of the knee

Answer 1

femur, tibia, fibula, patella

Question 2

meniscus

Answer 2

two semilunar fibrocartilages that deepen the articular facets of the tibia, cushion any stresses placed on the knee joint and maintain spacing between the femoral condyles and tibial plateau
also help to stabilize the knee especially the medial meniscus which helps to stabilize at 90 degrees of knee flexion

Question 3

meniscus blood supply

Answer 3

middle genicular artery provides nourishment to outer 1/3 of meniscus
inner 2/3 is avascular– receives nourishment from synovial fluid

Question 4

red red zone

Answer 4

outer 1/3 layer with good vascular supply

Question 5

red white zone

Answer 5

middle 1/3 layer has minimal blood supply

Question 6

white white

Answer 6

inner 1/3 layer and is avascular

Question 7

Anterior cruciate ligament

Answer 7

3 bands: anteromedial, intermediate, posterolateral
prevents femur from moving posteriorly during weight bearing and limits anterior translation of the tibia in non-weight bearing.
stabilizes the tibia against excessive internal rotation and serves as a secondary restraint for valgus and varus stress with ligament damage

Question 8

posterior cruciate ligament

Answer 8

taut throughout the full ROM
resists internal rotation of tibia, prevents hyperextension of the knee, limits anterior translation of the femur during weight bearing and limits posterior translation of tibia during non-weight bearing

Question 9

medial collateral ligament

Answer 9

prevents valgus and external rotation forces

blends with semimembranous and posterior medial meniscus

Question 10

lateral collateral ligament

Answer 10

a ligament that attaches to the femur and the fibula; maintains stability of the lateral aspect of the knee joint
taut in extension relaxed in flexion

stabilizes lateral knee alongside ITB, popliteus and biceps femoris

Question 11

knee bursas

Answer 11

suprapatellar, prepatellar, infrapatellar, superior infrapatellar, deep infrapatellar, pretibial, gastroc bursae

Question 12

quad muscles

Answer 12

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
O: ASIS, greater trochanter, lateral/medial lip of linea aspera and anterior femur
I: tibial tuberosity via patella and patellar ligament
A: knee extension
N: femoral (L2-4)

Question 13

hamstrings

Answer 13

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
O: ischial tuberosity (short head biceps lateral linea aspera)
I: lateral head of fibula (BF), pes anserine (SM/ST)
A: knee flexion and external rotation (BF) internal rotation (SM/ST)
N: sciatic and tibial

Question 14

sartorius

Answer 14

O: asis
I: prox medial surface of the tibia below the tuberosity
A: knee flexion and internal rotation
N: femoral

Question 15

popliteus

Answer 15

O: lateral condyle of the femur
I: posterior surface of the tibia below the plateau
A: flexion and internal rotation
N: tibia

Question 16

gastrocnemius

Answer 16

lateral head O: posterior lateral condyle of the femur
medial head O: popiteal surface of the femur above the medial condyle
I: posterior surface of the calcaneus
A: knee flexion
N: tibial

Question 17

nerve supply to knee

Answer 17

tibial, common peroneal, superficial peroneal

Question 18

screw home mechanism

Answer 18

A phenomenon that increases knee joint stability by locking the femur on the tibia (or vice-versa) when the knee is fully extended.

Question 19

patella alta

Answer 19

high riding patella

Question 20

patella baja

Answer 20

low riding patella

Question 21

genu valgum

Answer 21

knock knees

Question 22

genu varum

Answer 22

bow legged

Question 23

genu recurvatum

Answer 23

hyperextension of knee

Question 24

meniscus tests

Answer 24

apleys, thessaly, mcmurrays, drop test

Question 25

pcl tests

Answer 25

posterior drawer, sag sign

Question 26

acl test

Answer 26

lachman, anterior drawer, pivot shift, jerk test, slocum, losee test

Question 27

mcl/lcl

Answer 27

varus

valgus - test at 30 and 0

Question 28

girth measurement

Answer 28

8-10 cm above joint line
2cm above patella
joint line
tibial tubercle
belly of gastrocnemius

Question 29

Q- angle

Answer 29

degree of angle when measuring from mid patella to ASIS and tibial tubercle through the center of the patella. normal q angle is 10 degrees for man and 15 degrees for a woman.

Question 30

osgoode shlatter disease

Answer 30

stress on tibial tuberosity and distal patellar tendon

Question 31

larsen-johansson disease

Answer 31

Disease similar to Osgood-Schlatter disease, but it occurs at the inferior pole of the patella.