Chap 9 Flashcards
what is a load
external force or forces acting on internal tissue
stiffness
ability of a tissue to resist a load
stress
internal resistance to an external load
strain
extent of deformation of tissue under load
deformation
change in shape of a tissue
elasticity
property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation
plastic
deformation of tissue that exists after the load is removed
yield point
elastic limit of tissue
creep
deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time
mechanical failure
exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain, causing tissue to break down
trauma
a physical injury or wound caused by external or internal force
ex: mm strain, contusion, ligt sprain, dislocation, subluxation, bone fracture, neuroplaxia
compression
produced by external loads applied toward one another on opposite surfaces in opposite directions
tension
force that pulls or stretches tissue and is generated in response to equal and opposite external loads that pull a structure apart
shearing
equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another
bending
when two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure
OR
when free forces cause bending or when already bowed structure is axially loaded
torsion
twisting in opposite directions from the opposite ends of a structure cause shear stress over the entire cross section of that structure
overuse
repetitive dynamics white are traumatic over time
ex: mm cramp, mm soreness, tendinitis/osis, mftp, bursitis, capsulitis, stress fracture, neuritis
muscle strain
a stretch, tear, rup in the muscle or its tendon
muscle cramp
involuntary muscle contraction
muscle guarding
muscle contraction in response to pain
clonic
involuntary muscle contraction characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation in rapid succession
tonic
type of muscle contraction characterized by constant contraction that lasts for a period of time
acute onset muscle soreness
accompanies fatigue, and is transient muscle pain experiences immediately after exercise
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
tendinosis
breakdown of a tendon without inflammation
tenosynovitis
inflammation of tendon and its synovial sheath
when does tendinitis become tendinosis
if repetitive overuse continues and the inflamemd or irritated tendon fails to head the tendon begins to degenerate the primary concern shifts from tendon inflammation to degeneration
myofascial trigger point
a discreet, hypersensitive nodule within a taut band of skeletal muscle or fascia
contusion
compression of soft tissue that results in bleeding into surrounding tissues
aka a bruise
eccymosis
bluish-purple discoloration of the skin
aka bruise
myositis ossificans
calcium deposits that result from repeated trauma
crepitus
crackling feeling or sound usually caused by tendons tendency to stick to the surrounding structures while it slides back and forth
synovial joints
articulations of two bones surrounded by a joint capsule lined with synovial membrane
grade 1 sprain
some stretching and separation of the ligamentous fibers, minimal instability of the joint, mild to moderate pain, swelling, and joint stiffness
grade 2 sprain
some tearing and separation of the ligamentous fibers, moderate instability of the joint, moderate to severe pain, swelling and joint stiffness
grade 3 sprain
total tearing of ligament which leads to instability of joint and can result in a subluxation
might start with pain but will go away with nerve disruption
dislocation
a bone is forced out of alignment and stays our until surgically or manually replaced or reduced
diastasis
separation of articulating bones
subluxation
a bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place
most common subluxation location
men: shoulder
women: patella
when should dislocations be reduced?
at a damn hospital, after x-rays (in case of fracture) and done by a medical professional
not done by an AT
osteoarthritis
a wearing down of hyaline cartilage
any process that changes the mechanics of the joint eventually leads to degeneration of that joint
hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage- found on the ends of long bones, ribs and nose
bursae
pieces or synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid
add protection and cushion and gliding abilities to a surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body
bursitis
inflammation of bursaw at sites of bony prominences between muscle and tendon
most irritated bursae
subacromial: under distal clavicle and AC joint
olecranon: top of the elbow
prepatellar: front of patella
types of bones w/ examples
long: femur, tibia, humerus
short: metacarpals
flat: sternum
irregular: vertebrae
cancellous bone
spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
trabecular or spongy bone
the type of bone forming the inner spongy lattice that lines the bone marrow cavity and supports the cortical shell
osteoblasts
bone forming cells
osteoclasts
bone destroying cells
open fracture
compound fracture
broken bone with open wound
closed fracture
broken bone with no open wound
greenstick fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone
often seen in children
communited fracture
three or more fragments at the fracture side
*surgical intervention
linear fracture
one splits along its length
caused by landing from a height
transverse fracture
occurs in straight line, more or less at the right angles to the bone shaft
usually caused by direct blow
oblique fracture
one end of the bone receives sudden torsion or twisting while the other hand is fixed
spiral fracture
s-shaped separation, body is suddently rotated in the opposite direction (torsion)
impacted fracture
long bone to receive directly on its long axis, a force with such magnitude that the osseous tissue is compressed
avulsion fracture
separation of bone fragment from its cortex at an attachment of a muscle, tendon or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull/twist or stretch
blowout fracture
occur to wall of the eye (orbit) as a result of a blow the the eye
serrated fracture
an injury where two ends of the bone have sharp jagged edges or a sawtooth appearance caused by direct blow
depressed fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward, typically skull fracture
contrecoup fracture
fracture to one side of the structure that is caused by an impact from the opposite side
stress fracture
a slight bone break caused by repetitive low-impact forces such as running, rather than single forceful impact
typical causes for stress fracture
overtraining coming back from injury too soon over competing starting initial training too quickly changing habits or environment (shoes, bank of track, surfaces)
epiphyseal conditions (5)
- complete separation of the physis in relation to the metaphysis without fracture to the bone
- separation of the growth plate and a small portion of the metaphysis
- fracture of the physis
- fracture of the portion of the physis and the metaphysis
- no displacement of the physis but the crushing force can cause a growth deformity
hypoesthesia
decrease sense of feeling
hyperesthesia
a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli
paraesthesia
abnormal tactile sensation often described as creeping, burning, tingling, prickling, or numbness which may occur from a direct blow to a stretch of an area
neurpraxia
interruption in conduction of an impulse down the nerve fiber
neuritis
inflammation of a nerve
referred pain
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
review referral patterns from manual
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