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Athletic Therapy > Chap 9 > Flashcards

Chap 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a load

A

external force or forces acting on internal tissue

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2
Q

stiffness

A

ability of a tissue to resist a load

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3
Q

stress

A

internal resistance to an external load

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4
Q

strain

A

extent of deformation of tissue under load

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5
Q

deformation

A

change in shape of a tissue

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6
Q

elasticity

A

property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation

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7
Q

plastic

A

deformation of tissue that exists after the load is removed

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8
Q

yield point

A

elastic limit of tissue

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9
Q

creep

A

deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time

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10
Q

mechanical failure

A

exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain, causing tissue to break down

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11
Q

trauma

A

a physical injury or wound caused by external or internal force
ex: mm strain, contusion, ligt sprain, dislocation, subluxation, bone fracture, neuroplaxia

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12
Q

compression

A

produced by external loads applied toward one another on opposite surfaces in opposite directions

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13
Q

tension

A

force that pulls or stretches tissue and is generated in response to equal and opposite external loads that pull a structure apart

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14
Q

shearing

A

equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another

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15
Q

bending

A

when two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure
OR
when free forces cause bending or when already bowed structure is axially loaded

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16
Q

torsion

A

twisting in opposite directions from the opposite ends of a structure cause shear stress over the entire cross section of that structure

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17
Q

overuse

A

repetitive dynamics white are traumatic over time

ex: mm cramp, mm soreness, tendinitis/osis, mftp, bursitis, capsulitis, stress fracture, neuritis

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18
Q

muscle strain

A

a stretch, tear, rup in the muscle or its tendon

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19
Q

muscle cramp

A

involuntary muscle contraction

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20
Q

muscle guarding

A

muscle contraction in response to pain

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21
Q

clonic

A

involuntary muscle contraction characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation in rapid succession

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22
Q

tonic

A

type of muscle contraction characterized by constant contraction that lasts for a period of time

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23
Q

acute onset muscle soreness

A

accompanies fatigue, and is transient muscle pain experiences immediately after exercise

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24
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

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25
tendinosis
breakdown of a tendon without inflammation
26
tenosynovitis
inflammation of tendon and its synovial sheath
27
when does tendinitis become tendinosis
if repetitive overuse continues and the inflamemd or irritated tendon fails to head the tendon begins to degenerate the primary concern shifts from tendon inflammation to degeneration
28
myofascial trigger point
a discreet, hypersensitive nodule within a taut band of skeletal muscle or fascia
29
contusion
compression of soft tissue that results in bleeding into surrounding tissues aka a bruise
30
eccymosis
bluish-purple discoloration of the skin aka bruise
31
myositis ossificans
calcium deposits that result from repeated trauma
32
crepitus
crackling feeling or sound usually caused by tendons tendency to stick to the surrounding structures while it slides back and forth
33
synovial joints
articulations of two bones surrounded by a joint capsule lined with synovial membrane
34
grade 1 sprain
some stretching and separation of the ligamentous fibers, minimal instability of the joint, mild to moderate pain, swelling, and joint stiffness
35
grade 2 sprain
some tearing and separation of the ligamentous fibers, moderate instability of the joint, moderate to severe pain, swelling and joint stiffness
36
grade 3 sprain
total tearing of ligament which leads to instability of joint and can result in a subluxation might start with pain but will go away with nerve disruption
37
dislocation
a bone is forced out of alignment and stays our until surgically or manually replaced or reduced
38
diastasis
separation of articulating bones
39
subluxation
a bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place
40
most common subluxation location
men: shoulder women: patella
41
when should dislocations be reduced?
at a damn hospital, after x-rays (in case of fracture) and done by a medical professional not done by an AT
42
osteoarthritis
a wearing down of hyaline cartilage | any process that changes the mechanics of the joint eventually leads to degeneration of that joint
43
hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage- found on the ends of long bones, ribs and nose
44
bursae
pieces or synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid add protection and cushion and gliding abilities to a surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body
45
bursitis
inflammation of bursaw at sites of bony prominences between muscle and tendon
46
most irritated bursae
subacromial: under distal clavicle and AC joint olecranon: top of the elbow prepatellar: front of patella
47
types of bones w/ examples
long: femur, tibia, humerus short: metacarpals flat: sternum irregular: vertebrae
48
cancellous bone
spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
49
trabecular or spongy bone
the type of bone forming the inner spongy lattice that lines the bone marrow cavity and supports the cortical shell
50
osteoblasts
bone forming cells
51
osteoclasts
bone destroying cells
52
open fracture
compound fracture | broken bone with open wound
53
closed fracture
broken bone with no open wound
54
greenstick fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone | often seen in children
55
communited fracture
three or more fragments at the fracture side | *surgical intervention
56
linear fracture
one splits along its length | caused by landing from a height
57
transverse fracture
occurs in straight line, more or less at the right angles to the bone shaft usually caused by direct blow
58
oblique fracture
one end of the bone receives sudden torsion or twisting while the other hand is fixed
59
spiral fracture
s-shaped separation, body is suddently rotated in the opposite direction (torsion)
60
impacted fracture
long bone to receive directly on its long axis, a force with such magnitude that the osseous tissue is compressed
61
avulsion fracture
separation of bone fragment from its cortex at an attachment of a muscle, tendon or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull/twist or stretch
62
blowout fracture
occur to wall of the eye (orbit) as a result of a blow the the eye
63
serrated fracture
an injury where two ends of the bone have sharp jagged edges or a sawtooth appearance caused by direct blow
64
depressed fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward, typically skull fracture
65
contrecoup fracture
fracture to one side of the structure that is caused by an impact from the opposite side
66
stress fracture
a slight bone break caused by repetitive low-impact forces such as running, rather than single forceful impact
67
typical causes for stress fracture
``` overtraining coming back from injury too soon over competing starting initial training too quickly changing habits or environment (shoes, bank of track, surfaces) ```
68
epiphyseal conditions (5)
1. complete separation of the physis in relation to the metaphysis without fracture to the bone 2. separation of the growth plate and a small portion of the metaphysis 3. fracture of the physis 4. fracture of the portion of the physis and the metaphysis 5. no displacement of the physis but the crushing force can cause a growth deformity
69
hypoesthesia
decrease sense of feeling
70
hyperesthesia
a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli
71
paraesthesia
abnormal tactile sensation often described as creeping, burning, tingling, prickling, or numbness which may occur from a direct blow to a stretch of an area
72
neurpraxia
interruption in conduction of an impulse down the nerve fiber
73
neuritis
inflammation of a nerve
74
referred pain
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
75
review referral patterns from manual
*image here*

Athletic Therapy (23 decks)

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