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athletic therapy > Chap 9 > Flashcards

Chap 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a load

A

external force or forces acting on internal tissue

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2
Q

stiffness

A

ability of a tissue to resist a load

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3
Q

stress

A

internal resistance to an external load

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4
Q

strain

A

extent of deformation of tissue under load

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5
Q

deformation

A

change in shape of a tissue

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6
Q

elasticity

A

property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation

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7
Q

plastic

A

deformation of tissue that exists after the load is removed

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8
Q

yield point

A

elastic limit of tissue

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9
Q

creep

A

deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time

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10
Q

mechanical failure

A

exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain, causing tissue to break down

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11
Q

trauma

A

a physical injury or wound caused by external or internal force
ex: mm strain, contusion, ligt sprain, dislocation, subluxation, bone fracture, neuroplaxia

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12
Q

compression

A

produced by external loads applied toward one another on opposite surfaces in opposite directions

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13
Q

tension

A

force that pulls or stretches tissue and is generated in response to equal and opposite external loads that pull a structure apart

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14
Q

shearing

A

equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another

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15
Q

bending

A

when two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure
OR
when free forces cause bending or when already bowed structure is axially loaded

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16
Q

torsion

A

twisting in opposite directions from the opposite ends of a structure cause shear stress over the entire cross section of that structure

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17
Q

overuse

A

repetitive dynamics white are traumatic over time

ex: mm cramp, mm soreness, tendinitis/osis, mftp, bursitis, capsulitis, stress fracture, neuritis

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18
Q

muscle strain

A

a stretch, tear, rup in the muscle or its tendon

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19
Q

muscle cramp

A

involuntary muscle contraction

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20
Q

muscle guarding

A

muscle contraction in response to pain

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21
Q

clonic

A

involuntary muscle contraction characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation in rapid succession

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22
Q

tonic

A

type of muscle contraction characterized by constant contraction that lasts for a period of time

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23
Q

acute onset muscle soreness

A

accompanies fatigue, and is transient muscle pain experiences immediately after exercise

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24
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

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25
Q

tendinosis

A

breakdown of a tendon without inflammation

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26
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of tendon and its synovial sheath

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27
Q

when does tendinitis become tendinosis

A

if repetitive overuse continues and the inflamemd or irritated tendon fails to head the tendon begins to degenerate the primary concern shifts from tendon inflammation to degeneration

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28
Q

myofascial trigger point

A

a discreet, hypersensitive nodule within a taut band of skeletal muscle or fascia

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29
Q

contusion

A

compression of soft tissue that results in bleeding into surrounding tissues
aka a bruise

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30
Q

eccymosis

A

bluish-purple discoloration of the skin

aka bruise

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31
Q

myositis ossificans

A

calcium deposits that result from repeated trauma

32
Q

crepitus

A

crackling feeling or sound usually caused by tendons tendency to stick to the surrounding structures while it slides back and forth

33
Q

synovial joints

A

articulations of two bones surrounded by a joint capsule lined with synovial membrane

34
Q

grade 1 sprain

A

some stretching and separation of the ligamentous fibers, minimal instability of the joint, mild to moderate pain, swelling, and joint stiffness

35
Q

grade 2 sprain

A

some tearing and separation of the ligamentous fibers, moderate instability of the joint, moderate to severe pain, swelling and joint stiffness

36
Q

grade 3 sprain

A

total tearing of ligament which leads to instability of joint and can result in a subluxation
might start with pain but will go away with nerve disruption

37
Q

dislocation

A

a bone is forced out of alignment and stays our until surgically or manually replaced or reduced

38
Q

diastasis

A

separation of articulating bones

39
Q

subluxation

A

a bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place

40
Q

most common subluxation location

A

men: shoulder
women: patella

41
Q

when should dislocations be reduced?

A

at a damn hospital, after x-rays (in case of fracture) and done by a medical professional

not done by an AT

42
Q

osteoarthritis

A

a wearing down of hyaline cartilage

any process that changes the mechanics of the joint eventually leads to degeneration of that joint

43
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common type of cartilage- found on the ends of long bones, ribs and nose

44
Q

bursae

A

pieces or synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid
add protection and cushion and gliding abilities to a surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body

45
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of bursaw at sites of bony prominences between muscle and tendon

46
Q

most irritated bursae

A

subacromial: under distal clavicle and AC joint
olecranon: top of the elbow
prepatellar: front of patella

47
Q

types of bones w/ examples

A

long: femur, tibia, humerus
short: metacarpals
flat: sternum
irregular: vertebrae

48
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

49
Q

trabecular or spongy bone

A

the type of bone forming the inner spongy lattice that lines the bone marrow cavity and supports the cortical shell

50
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells

51
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone destroying cells

52
Q

open fracture

A

compound fracture

broken bone with open wound

53
Q

closed fracture

A

broken bone with no open wound

54
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bending and incomplete break of a bone

often seen in children

55
Q

communited fracture

A

three or more fragments at the fracture side

*surgical intervention

56
Q

linear fracture

A

one splits along its length

caused by landing from a height

57
Q

transverse fracture

A

occurs in straight line, more or less at the right angles to the bone shaft
usually caused by direct blow

58
Q

oblique fracture

A

one end of the bone receives sudden torsion or twisting while the other hand is fixed

59
Q

spiral fracture

A

s-shaped separation, body is suddently rotated in the opposite direction (torsion)

60
Q

impacted fracture

A

long bone to receive directly on its long axis, a force with such magnitude that the osseous tissue is compressed

61
Q

avulsion fracture

A

separation of bone fragment from its cortex at an attachment of a muscle, tendon or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull/twist or stretch

62
Q

blowout fracture

A

occur to wall of the eye (orbit) as a result of a blow the the eye

63
Q

serrated fracture

A

an injury where two ends of the bone have sharp jagged edges or a sawtooth appearance caused by direct blow

64
Q

depressed fracture

A

broken bone portion is pressed inward, typically skull fracture

65
Q

contrecoup fracture

A

fracture to one side of the structure that is caused by an impact from the opposite side

66
Q

stress fracture

A

a slight bone break caused by repetitive low-impact forces such as running, rather than single forceful impact

67
Q

typical causes for stress fracture

A 
overtraining 
coming back from injury too soon
over competing 
starting initial training too quickly
changing habits or environment 
(shoes, bank of track, surfaces)
68
Q

epiphyseal conditions (5)

A
  1. complete separation of the physis in relation to the metaphysis without fracture to the bone
  2. separation of the growth plate and a small portion of the metaphysis
  3. fracture of the physis
  4. fracture of the portion of the physis and the metaphysis
  5. no displacement of the physis but the crushing force can cause a growth deformity
69
Q

hypoesthesia

A

decrease sense of feeling

70
Q

hyperesthesia

A

a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli

71
Q

paraesthesia

A

abnormal tactile sensation often described as creeping, burning, tingling, prickling, or numbness which may occur from a direct blow to a stretch of an area

72
Q

neurpraxia

A

interruption in conduction of an impulse down the nerve fiber

73
Q

neuritis

A

inflammation of a nerve

74
Q

referred pain

A

pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates

75
Q

review referral patterns from manual

A

image here

athletic therapy (23 decks)

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