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MRCEM primary > The knee anatomy > Flashcards

The knee anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the patella located?

A

In the patellofemoral groove of the femur.

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2
Q

The superior aspect of the patella is attached to what?

A

Quadriceps tendon

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3
Q

What is the inferior aspect of the patella attached to?

A

Patellar ligament

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4
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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5
Q

What is the function of the ACL?

A

Resists anterior displacement of the ACL

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6
Q

What is the function of the PCL?

A

Resists posterior displacement of the tibia

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7
Q

What is the function of the MCL?

A

Resists valgus stress

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8
Q

What is the function of the LCL?

A

Resists varus stress

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9
Q

What is the function of the oblique popliteal ligament?

A

Reinforces/ stabilises posterior capsule

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10
Q

Hyperextension of the knee is associated with which injury?

A

ACL injuries

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11
Q

The knee joint is formed by articulations between which bones?

A

Patella
Femur
Tibia

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12
Q

What is the weight bearing component of the knee joint?

A

Tibiofemoral articulation

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13
Q

What does the patella do?

A

Increases efficiency of quadriceps femoris muscle

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14
Q

What are the 2 functions of menisci?

A

Deepend articular surface of tibia = increased stability
Act as shock absorbers (increase SA allowing forces to dissipate over more area)

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15
Q

Damage to which ligament also often causes a medial meniscal tear?

A

MCL

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16
Q

What is a bursae?

A

A synovial fluid filled sack

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17
Q

Where are bursae found?

A

Between moving structures in a joint

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18
Q

What is the function of bursae?

A

Aim to reduce wear and tear of moving structures either side of them

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19
Q

Name the 4 bursae found in the knee

A

Suprapetellar bursa
Prepatellar bursa
Infrapatellar bursa
Semimembranosus bursa

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20
Q

What is the function of the collateral ligaments?

A

Stabilise hinge movement of the knee, preventing excessive medial or lateral movement

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21
Q

What do the cruciate ligaments connect?

A

Femur and tibia

22
Q

What are the 4 main movements of the knee joint?

23
Q

Which muscles allow for knee extension?

24
Q

Which muscles allow for knee flexion?

25
Q

Which muscles allow for knee lateral rotation?

26
Q

Which muscles allow for knee medial rotation?

27
Q

How do injuries to the collateral ligaments occur?

A

Force being applied to the side of the knee when the foot is placed on the ground.

28
Q

How is the ACL most commonly injured?

A

Knee hyperextension OR large impact to back of knee with knee partially flexed

29
Q

What is the most common mechanism of PCL injury?

A

‘Dashboard injury’

**When the knee is bent and there is a large force applied to the shins, pushing the tibia posteriorly.

30
Q

What is another name for prepatellar bursitis?

A

Housemaid’s knee

31
Q

What is an alternate name for infrapatellar bursitis?

A

Clergyman’s knee

32
Q

Which injuries create the ‘unhappy triad’?

A

Medial meniscal tear
MCL tear
ACL tear

33
Q

How can an unhappy tried injury happen?

A

A lateral force to an extended knee.

34
Q

In which muscle tendon does the patella sit?

A

Quadriceps femoris

35
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa formed by?

A

Muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg or thigh

36
Q

What forms the superomedial border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus

37
Q

What forms the superolateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris

38
Q

What forms the inferomedial border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Medial head of gastrocnemius

39
Q

What forms the inferolateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris

40
Q

What is the floor of the popliteal fossa formed by?

A

Posterior surface of knee joint capsule
Popliteus muscle
Posterior femur

41
Q

What forms the roof of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal fascia and skin

42
Q

The popliteal fascia is continuous with what?

A

Fascia lata of the leg

43
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa (medial to lateral)?

A

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve

44
Q

What are the most superficial contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Tibial and common peroneal nerves

45
Q

Where in the popliteal fossa does the common peroneal nerve travel along?

A

The biceps femoris tendon, along the lateral margin.

46
Q

Which vein passes between the 2 heads of the gastrocnemius and drains into the popliteal vein?

A

Small saphenous vein

47
Q

What is the deepest structure in the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery

48
Q

What is a Baker’s cyst?

A

Inflammation and swelling of the semimembranosus bursa.

**can sometimes rupture and form symptoms similar to those of a DVT

49
Q

What are the main features of tibial nerve compression?

A

Weakened or absent plantarflexion
Paraesthesia of foot and posterolateral leg

50
Q

Which way does the tibia rotate in the screw home mechanism?

A

The tibia rotates laterally (externally) on the femur.

MRCEM primary (47 decks)

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