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MRCEM primary > Ankle and foot anatomy > Flashcards

Ankle and foot anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones form the ankle joint?

A

Tibia
Fibula
Talus

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2
Q

What are the tibia and fibula joined together by?

A

Tibiofibiular ligaments

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3
Q

What structure do the tibia and fibula form when they are joined together by the tibiofibular ligaments?

A

Mortise

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4
Q

What shape is the articulating part of the talus?

A

Wedge shaped (broad anteriorly, narrow posteriorly)

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5
Q

Which part of the talus fits into the mortise?

A

The body of the talus

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6
Q

Describe the position of the talus in dorsiflexion

A

Anterior part is in mortise (joint is more stable)

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7
Q

Describe the position of the talus in planter flexion

A

Posterior part of talus is in mortise (joint is less stable)

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8
Q

What are the weight bearing surfaces of the ankle joint?

A

Talus and tibia

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9
Q

What are the stabilising ligaments of the ankle?

A

Medial (deltoid) and lateral

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10
Q

How many ligaments form the deltoid (medial) ligament?

A

4

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11
Q

What is the main function of the deltoid (medial) ligament?

A

Resists over-eversion of the foot

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12
Q

How many ligaments in the lateral ligament made up of?

A

3

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13
Q

What are the 3 ligaments that form the lateral ligament?

A

Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular

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14
Q

What is the function of the lateral ligament?

A

Over-inversion of the foot

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15
Q

F

A
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16
Q

Fractures of the ankle can often be associated with what?

A

Ligament damage (due to ankle joint being a ‘ring’ shape in the coronal plane)

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17
Q

What type fo joint is the ankle joint?

A

Hinge synovial joint

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18
Q

What are the 4 movements that can occur in the ankle joint?

A

Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Inversion
Eversion

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19
Q

Which muscles allow for ankle dorsiflexion?

A

Anterior compartment of the leg:

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensors digitorum longus

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20
Q

Which muscles allow for ankle plantar flexion?

A

Posterior compartment of leg:

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Posterior tibialis

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21
Q

How does a lateral ankle sprain often happen?

A

Excessive inversion of a plantar flexed, weight-bearing foot

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22
Q

Why is the lateral ligament more likely to be damaged?

A

Weaker
Resists inversion

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23
Q

Which lateral ligament is most commonly injured?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament

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24
Q

Where does the anterior talofibular ligament span between?

A

Lateral malleolus and lateral aspect of talus

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25
Q

Where does the posterior talofibular ligament span between?

A

Lateral malleolus + posterior aspect of talus

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26
Q

Where does the calaneofibular ligament span between?

A

Lateral malleolus + calcaneus

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27
Q

Where do the medial ligaments span between?

A

Medial malleolus + talus/ calcaneus/ navicular bones

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28
Q

What do the bones of the foot do?

A

Provide mechanical support for the soft tissues

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29
Q

How many tarsal bones are there?

A

7

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30
Q

Which bones form the hind foot region of he foot?

A

Calcaneus and talus

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31
Q

Which bones form the Midfoot?

A

Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms

32
Q

Which bones form the forefoot?

A

Metatarsals and phalanges

33
Q

How many rows are the tarsal bones organised into?

A

3 (proximal, intermediate, distal).

34
Q

What is the main function of the talus?

A

To transmit forces from the tibia to the calcaneus

35
Q

Which bone forms the heel?

36
Q

Where is the calcaneus?

A

Inferior to the talus

37
Q

Where is the navicular bone?

A

In between the talus and the cuneiforms.

38
Q

Where is the cuboid bone?

A

Further lateral bone in the distal group of bones

39
Q

Which bones form the transverse arch of the foot?

A

3 cuneiform bones

40
Q

How do fractures of the talar neck normal occur?

A

High energy injuries where the foot is forcibly dorsiflexed

41
Q

How do talar body fractures usually happen?

A

Jumping from height

42
Q

How is the calcaneus often fractured?

A

Axial loading such as falling from height

43
Q

What are the 3 main ways that metatarsals can be fractured?

A

Direct blow
Stress fracture
Excessive inversion of the foot causing an avulsion fracture

44
Q

Name the 3 arches in the foot.

A

Transverse arch
Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch

45
Q

Which bones form the medial arch of the foot?

A

Calcaneus, talus, navicular cuneiforms and first 3 metatarsals.

46
Q

Which muscles support the medial arch of the foot?

A

Tibialis anterior and posterior
Fibularis longus
FDL
Flexor hallucis
Intrinsic foot muscles

47
Q

Which ligaments support the medial arch of the foot?

A

Plantar ligaments
Medial ligament of the ankle joint

48
Q

Which arch lies on the ground in the standing position?

A

Lateral arch

49
Q

Which bones form the lateral arch of the foot?

A

Calcaneus, cuboid and 45h/5th metatarsals

50
Q

Which muscles support the lateral arch of the foot?

A

Fibularis longus
FDL
Intrinsic foot muscles

51
Q

Which ligaments support the lateral arch of the foot?

A

Plantar ligaments.

52
Q

Which bones form the transverse arch of the foot?

A

Metatarsal bones
Cuboid
Cuneiforms

53
Q

Which muscles support the transverse arch of the foot?

A

Fibularis longus
Tibialios posterior

54
Q

Which ligaments support the transverse arch of the foot?

A

Plantar ligaments
Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments

55
Q

Failure of which ligament leads to flat foot deformity?

A

Calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)

56
Q

Which arch of the foot is supported by the calcaneonavicular ligament?

A

The medial longitudinal arch

57
Q

Where do extrinsic muscles of the foot arise from?

A

Leg compartments

58
Q

What are extrinsic muscles of the foot responsible for?

A

Eversion
Inversion
Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion

59
Q

Where are intrinsic muscles of the foot located?

A

Within the foot

60
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the foot responsible for?

A

Fine motor actions (e.g. movement of individual digits)

61
Q

How many intrinsic muscles are in the dorsum of the foot?

62
Q

What are the muscles ib the dorsum of the foot?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis

63
Q

What are the functions of the extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Toe + great toe extension

64
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles in the dorsum of the foot?

A

Deep fibular nerve

65
Q

How many intrinsic muscles are there in the sole of the foot?

66
Q

Muscles in the sole of the foot are innervated by branches of which nerve?

67
Q

What are the collective functions of muscles in the sole of the foot?

A

Stabilise arches of foot and control movements of digits

68
Q

Where does the neuromuscular plane in the foot lie?

A

Between the first and second layers.

69
Q

Which layer do the long flexor tendons of the foot lie in?

A

Second layer

70
Q

Which layer do the tendons of the tibialis posterior and peroneus longus lie in?

A

Fourth layer.

71
Q

What is the function of tibialis posterior?

A

Inversion + plantar flexion of the foot

Contributes to stabilising medial arch of the foot

72
Q

What is the innervation of tibialis posterior?

A

Tibial nerve

73
Q

Where does tibialis posterior insert?

A

Plantar surfaces of medial tarsal bones.

74
Q

What is the function of peroneus longus?

A

Eversion and plantarflesion of the foot.

Supports lateral and transverse foot arches.

75
Q

What is the innervation of peroneus longus?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve

76
Q

What is the insertion point of peroneus longus?

A

Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

MRCEM primary (47 decks)

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