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Anatomy Midterm 2 > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the Integumentary System

A

Skin (Cutaneous Membrane - Epidermis & Dermis) & Accessory Structures (Hair, nails, exocrine glands)

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2
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A
  • physical and immunological protection
  • thermoregulation (capillary beds, fat insulation, sweat glands, etc.)
  • sensation
  • metabolic functions
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3
Q

Four Tissue Types

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle
  4. Nerve
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4
Q

Epithelium

A

type of tissue, covers surface, forms boundaries

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5
Q

Connective Tissue

A

supports epithelium, provides strength and resiliency

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6
Q

Muscle

A

type of tissue, controls diameter of blood vessels, adjusts position of hairs

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7
Q

Nerve

A

type of tissue, controls smooth muscles, generates sensation, stimulates glands

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8
Q

Features of the Skin

A
  • largest organ system of body
  • covers area of ~2 sq. m
  • constitutes ~15% body weight
  • ranges in thickness from 0.5mm (axilla or inner thigh) to 4.0mm (heel, toe pad) - average 1-2mm
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9
Q

Structure of Skin

A

Outer: Epidermis –> Dermis (epi- and dermis = cutaneous membrane) –> hypodermis: Inner

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10
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

epidermis + dermis of skin, interlock - strengthens connection between them

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11
Q

Keratinocytes

A

skin cells, filled with fibrous protein called keratin

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12
Q

Stratum Germinativum

A

aka stratum basal

  • composed of large basal cells (stem cells that divide to give rise to new keratinocytes)
  • firmly attached to basal lamina
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13
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • “spiny layer”
  • composed of keratinocytes
  • keratinocytes contain bundles of tonofilaments (intermediate filaments - attach to desmosomes)
  • desmosomes attach keratinocytes together
  • keratinocytes still capable of division (not fully differentiated)
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14
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • “granular layer”
  • develop large numbers of keratin filaments
  • synthesize keratohyalin granules (keratohyalin forms matrix around filaments)
  • secrete lipids that fill spaces between cells (forms water-repellant sealant)
  • keratinocytes die –> move up into cornified layer
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15
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • “clear layer”
  • found only in thick skin of finger tips, palms and soles of feet
  • large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes
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16
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • corn = hard or hoof-like
  • multiple layers of dead cells
  • cells continuously shed and replaced
  • water repellant barrier
  • protects against abrasion and microbe invasion
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17
Q

Thick vs. Thin Skin

A

Thin Skin:

  • stratum corneum much thinner
  • other layers less clear
  • papillae less well developed
  • has all the same components (except stratum lucidum) but everything is just thinner
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18
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • constitute ~8% of epithelial cells
  • produce melanin pigment
  • cells contain long, slender processes (insert between keratinocytes)
  • transfer melanin granules to keratinocytes
  • skin cells are pigmented but do not produce pigment themselves
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19
Q

Langerhans Cell

A
  • arise in bone marrow and migrate to epidermis
  • phagocytic cells
  • function in immune response (modify antigens so that other cells can identify them as foreign - just specialized macrophages)
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20
Q

Merkel Cell

A
  • least numerous cell type
  • located in basal layer
  • function in touch sensation
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21
Q

Skin Colour

A

Due to combination of:

  • dermal blood supply
  • variable quantities of three pigments (produced by melanocytes) = melanin (brown/black), pheomelanin = red/yellow, carotene (yellow/orange)
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22
Q

Melanin

A

brown/black

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23
Q

Pheomelanin

A

red/yellow

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24
Q

Carotene

A

yellow/orange

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25
Q

Pale Skin

A
  • pink colour due to hemoglobin in dermal blood vessels
  • dilation of blood vessels during inflammation increases red colour (ie. blushing)
  • lowered oxygenation of blood = hemoglobin darkens & skin appears blue - cyanosis
26
Q

Cyanosis

A

in pale skin:

- lowered oxygenation of blood –> hemoglobin darkens –> skin appears blue

27
Q

Dark Skin

A
  • due to increased amount of pigment
  • number of melanocytes remains constant
  • rate of melanin synthesis & transfer (from melanocytes –> keratinocytes) increases
28
Q

Function of Melanin

A
  • absorbs UV and prevents UV-induced DNA damage
  • pigment accumulates around cell nucleus
  • melanocytes increase rate of synthesis in response to UV exposure = tanning (making more melanin and moving it faster)
29
Q

Tanning

A

in response to UV exposure, melanocytes increase rate of synthesis of melanin and move it out faster

30
Q

UV-Induced Skin Damage

A

Epidermis:
- chromosomal damage (melanin is not enough to filter out UV rays so DNA damage occurs)
- causes skin cancer
Dermis:
- damage to fibroblasts
- alters composition of extracellular matrix (cannot produce fibres as well, skin is weaker)
- premature wrinkling

31
Q

Dermis

A

connective tissue layer beneath epidermis
Two components:
1. Superficial papillary layer
2. Deep reticular layer

32
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Superficial layer of dermis

  • thin
  • consists of areolar CT
  • papillae increase area of contact with epidermis
  • contain nerve endings (reticular layer is too thick): touch, temperature, pain, tickle/itch
33
Q

Reticular Layer

A

deep layer of dermis

  • thick
  • consists of dense irregular CT = strength in any direction
  • many elastic fibres
  • provides extensibility & elasticity to skin
34
Q

Lines of Cleavage

A
  • collagen fibre bundles in dermis align differently in different regions of skin
  • align along lines of tension
  • clinically significant (parallel cut will close with minimal scarring, perpendicular cut will remain open (everytime muscle contracts it will pull cut open)
35
Q

Subcutaneous Layer

A

aka hypodermis or superficial fascia

  • “packing material” between muscle & skin
  • stabilizes position of skin relative to underlying tissues
  • loose connective tissue that stores fat
  • distribution of subcutaneous fat differs between sexes - influences body shape
36
Q

Accessory Structures

A

hair, nails, exocrine glands

37
Q

Hair

A
  • ~5 million hairs on body (only 2% on head)
  • covers all body surfaces except palmar surfaces of hands and fingers and plantar surfaces of feet and toes
  • head = UV protection, thermal insulation
  • eyes and nose = air filter
  • general body = touch sensation
38
Q

Sebaceous Gland

A

part of hair follicle, secretes sebum (an oily lipid)

39
Q

Arrector Pili Muscle

A

part of hair follicle, makes hair stand up

40
Q

Hair bulb

A

part of hair follicle, anchors the hair

41
Q

Hair papilla

A

part of hair follicle - capillary bed

- provides nutrients for cells

42
Q

Hair Growth Cycle

A

Active Phase (2-5 years, continued growth, approx. 0.33mm/day) –> regression –> resting phase (loosening of attachment in follicle) –> reactivation (loss of club hair) –> active phase

43
Q

Hair Growth (Scalp Hair)

A
  • grows ~2-6 years
  • rests ~3 months
  • ~85% in growth phase at any given time
  • as you age, follicles go into resting phase and never re-enter the growth phase –> hair thinning/loss
44
Q

Hair Thinning/Loss

A

as you age, follicles go into resting phase and never re-enter the growth phase

45
Q

Hair Types

A
  1. Vellus hairs
  2. Intermediate hairs
  3. Terminal hairs
46
Q

Vellus hairs

A

fine “peach fuzz” hair found over most of the body

47
Q

Intermediate hairs

A

hairs of the upper and lower limbs, change in response to sex hormones (create coarser hair)

48
Q

Terminal hairs

A

heavy and more pigmented - scalp, eyebrow, & eyelash hair

49
Q

Nails

A
  • protect exposed tips of the digits

- limit distortion when digits subjected to mechanical stress

50
Q

Lunula

A

“little moon”, white part of nail

- appears lighter because it has more collagen fibres - cannot see capillary beds as well

51
Q

Eponychium

A

part of nail - cuticle

- attaches skin of finger to nail

52
Q

Glands of the Skin

A

Two types: EXOCRINE

  1. Sebaceous glands
  2. Sweat glands
53
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

exocrine, secrete oily lipid (sebum)

  • coats hair shafts and skin surface
  • holocrine secretion (entire cell is the secretion)
  • secretes directly onto skin
54
Q

Sweat Glands

A

exocrine, secrete water and electrolytes
- simple, coiled tubular glands
- Two Types: 1) Merocrine (eccrine) - secrete normal sweat, 2) Apocrine - secrete odiferous sweat, USING MEROCRINE SECRETION
BOTH TYPES STILL USE MEROCRINE SECRETION (normal exocytosis)

55
Q

Acne

A
  • inflammation of sebaceous glands and follicles
  • usually occurs at onset of puberty - glands increase in size, sebum secretion increases in response to sex hormones
  • inflammation results from: blockage of ducts or bacterial infection of glands
  • treated by antibiotics (kill bacteria causing infection)
56
Q

Merocrine Sweat Glands

A
  • most common, distributed over majority of body
  • secrete water and electrolytes
  • regulate body temperature
57
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A
  • name is a misnomer - secrete by MEROCRINE secretion
  • less numerous than eccrine glands
  • distribution: axilla, groin, areolae of breast, bearded region of face in males
  • secrete water, electrolytes, lipids, proteins (acted on by bacteria to produce odors)
  • stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement
58
Q

Modified Sweat Glands

A

Ceruminous glands and Mammary glands

59
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A
  • located in external auditory canal of ear
  • modified merocrine sweat glands
  • secrete waxy cerumen (ear wax)
60
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • modified apocrine sweat glands
  • regulated by interaction of sexual and pituitary hormones
  • supply nutrition for newborn

Anatomy Midterm 2 (7 decks)

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