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Anatomy Midterm 2 > The Heart & Organization of Blood Vessels > Flashcards

The Heart & Organization of Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • transport of:
    • metabolites and wastes
    • hormones and signal molecules
    • dissolved gasses
    • cells involved in immune and inflammatory responses
  • regulation of body temperature
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2
Q

Components of the Cardiovascular System

A
  1. Pump - the heart
  2. Conducting Vessels - arteries & veins
  3. Sites for exchange with the tissues - capillaries
  4. Drainage system for excess tissue fluids - lymphatic vessels
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3
Q

Two Circuits of the Cardiovasc. System

A
  1. Pulmonary circuit –> lungs

2. Systemic circuit –> rest of the body

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4
Q

Is circulation in parallel or in series?

A

in parallel

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5
Q

Atriums vs. Ventricles of the Heart

A

Atriums - pump base –> apex

Ventricles - pump apex –> base

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6
Q

Location of the Heart

A
  • resides in the mediastinum (middle of the sternum - region of the thorax between the lungs)
  • contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and large blood vessels
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7
Q

Pericardium

A
  • pericardial cavity is formed by the pericardial sac - contains the heart
    (inside) endocardium –> myocardium –> visceral peridcardium/epicardium) –> parietal pericardium
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8
Q

Heart Vavles

A

occur between:
- atria & ventricles
- ventricles and outflow vessels (pulmonary artery & aorta)
valves ensure one-way flow of blood (open under pressure, close to prevent back flow)
- provide block between muscle of atria and muscle of ventricles

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9
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

R Atrium & R Ventricle

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10
Q

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

A

L Atrium and L Ventricle

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11
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

between ventricles and pulmonary artery/aorta

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12
Q

Ventricular Diastole

A

relaxation

  • bicuspid/tricuspid valves open
  • semilunar valves closed
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13
Q

Ventricular Systole

A

contraction

  • bicuspid/tricuspid valves closed
  • semilunar valves open
  • pressure in ventricles > pressure in arteries
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14
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • single nucleus
  • join end:end
  • branches (Y) –> depolarization passes as a wave
  • ionic coupling by gap junctions
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15
Q

Conduction System

A
  1. Sinoatrial node
  2. Atrioventricular node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. Right & Left Bundle Branches
  5. Purkinje Fibres
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16
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A
  • all the events associated with one heart beat
  • two atria contract while the ventricles relax = atrial systole, ventricular diastole
  • two ventricles contract while the atria relax = ventricular systole, atrial diastole
17
Q

Layers of Vessel Wall (3)

A
  1. Tunica interna
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
18
Q

Tunica interna

A

internal layer of blood vessel walls

- composed of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) & thin layer of connective tissue (serous membrane)

19
Q

Tunica media

A

middle layer of blood vessel walls

  • thickest layer
  • composed of elastic fibres (for recoil) & smooth muscle (regulates diameter of vessel)
20
Q

Tunica externa

A

outer layer of blood vessel walls

  • composed of connective tissue
  • attaches vessel to surrounding connective tissue
21
Q

Types of Vessels

A 
Closest to Heart:
- large vein
- elastic artery
Medium:
- medium-size vein
- muscular artery
Far from Heart:
- venule
- arteriole
closer to heart = decrease smooth muscle, increase elasticity
22
Q

Elastic (conducting) Arteries

A
  • largest diameter arteries
  • tunica media contains high density of elastic fibres
  • stretch & recoil in response to pumping of heart
  • even out pressure surges
23
Q

Muscular (distributing) Arteries

A
  • medium-sized arteries
  • distribute blood to skeletal muscles & internal organs
  • tunica media contains predominantly smooth muscle
  • able to vasoconstrict (close) & vasodilate (open)
24
Q

Arterioles

A
  • small to microscopic vessels
  • poorly defined tunica externa
  • media composed of few smooth muscle cells
  • deliver blood to capillaries
  • change in luminal diameter regulates blood pressure (decrease diameter –> increase pressure)
25
Q

Capillaries

A
  • smallest blood vessels
  • connect arterioles to venules
  • mediate exchange between blood and surrounding tissues
  • *just a tunica interna
26
Q

Types of Endothelial Cells

A
  1. Continuous - connected by tight junctions
  2. Fenestrated - can have diaphragm (appear continuous) or no diaphragm)
  3. Discontinuous - complete gaps
27
Q

Continuous Vs. Fenestrated Capillaries

A 
Continuous:
- things cannot move between cell walls, must pass through cells = control over entry/exit
- takes more time
- tight junctions
- eg. in brain
Fenestrated:
- sieve-like
- allows material to pass through easily
- faster
- eg. in liver
28
Q

Control of Blood Flow in Capillary Bed

A
  • precapillary sphincters control blood flow through capillary
  • metarterioles shunt blood through capillary bed when sphincters closed
    ie. cold day - contract precapillary sphincter –> stop blood flowing into capillaries (conserve heat) –> blood redirected through metarteriole shunt (blood has less time to interact with tissues)
29
Q

Veins

A

collect blood from organs & tissues & return it to heart

30
Q

Venules

A
  • collect blood from capillaries

- wall composed primarily of tunica interna

31
Q

Medium & Large Veins

A
  • tunica externa thickest layer
32
Q

Valves

A

in walls of veins - prevent backflow of blood

- venous compression caused by contraction of adjacent muscles aids in maintaining blood flow

33
Q

Fluid Loss to Tissues

A
  • filtration from plasma to interstitial fluid (capillaries)
  • interstitial fluid flows from tissues back into lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic vessel joins vein (lymph flow) –> back to heart
34
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A
  • lymphatic system extremely low pressure
  • vessels very thin
  • endothelial cells discontinuous
35
Q

Lymph Flow Vs. Blood Flow

A
  • blood flow is actively pumped through vessels by heart
  • lymph flows passively along a pressure gradient
  • no pump
36
Q

Lymphatic Valves

A
  • large number of valves

- prevent backflow of lymph

Anatomy Midterm 2 (7 decks)

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