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Anatomy & Physiology > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system? What are the two components of this system?

A

Functions: Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D synthesis, excretion. Components: Skin and accessory structures (hair, nails, glands).

Example sentence: The integumentary system plays a crucial role in protecting the body from external threats.

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2
Q

Define blister vs scab vs keloid.

A

Blister: Fluid-filled sac due to friction/burn. Scab: Crust over a wound from dried blood. Keloid: Raised scar from overproduction of collagen.

Example sentence: The blister formed after the burn was painful but eventually healed.

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3
Q

What is insensible perspiration?

A

Continuous loss of small amounts of water through the skin, not noticeable.

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4
Q

How much water loss occurs?

A

About 500 mL per day.

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5
Q

Where can you expect to find keratinocytes? What do they do?

A

Found in the epidermis; they produce keratin for protection and water retention.

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6
Q

What is the stratum corneum? What is so special about it?

A

The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead cells. It provides a tough barrier.

Comparison: The stratum spinosum contains living cells that contribute to skin strength.

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7
Q

What is the epidermis? What is its role? What are some characteristics?

A

The outer layer of skin; protects underlying structures. Characteristics: Avascular, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

Additional information: Epidermal ridges are projections that increase surface area for grip.

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8
Q

Which protein reduces water loss at the skin surface?

A

Keratin.

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9
Q

How many epidermal layers are contained in thin vs thick skin?

A

Thin skin: 4 layers. Thick skin: 5 layers.

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10
Q

What are considered accessory structures of the integumentary system?

A

Hair, nails, and glands (sebaceous, sweat, ceruminous).

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11
Q

What sensory cells are associated with the deep layers of the epidermis?

A

Merkel cells.

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12
Q

Which layer of the skin contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for skin strength?

A

Dermis.

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13
Q

What is dermatitis? Where does it occur?

A

Inflammation of the skin, occurring in the epidermis and dermis.

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14
Q

After pinching the skin on the back of the hand, it remains peaked. This is a sign of?

A

Dehydration or reduced skin turgor.

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15
Q

What are stretch marks?

A

Scarring from rapid skin stretching.

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16
Q

What is the cutaneous vs subpapillary plexus?

A

Cutaneous plexus: blood vessels at the dermal-subcutaneous junction. Subpapillary plexus: vessels just beneath the dermal papillae.

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17
Q

What dermal sensory structures sense deep pressure?

A

Pacinian (lamellar) corpuscles.

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18
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer?

A

Also known as the hypodermis, it consists of loose connective tissue and fat.

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19
Q

What is Cyanosis?

A

Bluish discoloration of the skin due to inadequate oxygenation.

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20
Q

What is Jaundice, how is it indicated?

A

Yellowing of skin/eyes, indicating elevated bilirubin levels.

21
Q

What is melanin? Where is it found? Who makes it?

A

A pigment in skin, hair, and eyes, produced by melanocytes.

22
Q

What is carotene?

A

A yellow-orange pigment found in some vegetables, can accumulate in the skin.

23
Q

Which pigment is responsible for blushing?

A

Hemoglobin in red blood cells.

24
Q

What are the effects of ultraviolet radiation? Which vitamin is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight?

A

Can cause skin damage and increase cancer risk. Vitamin D3 is formed.

25
Q

What is Rickets?

A

A disease from vitamin D deficiency leading to weak bones in children.

26
Q

What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma.

27
Q

Why is vitamin D3 so important?

A

Essential for calcium absorption and bone health.

28
Q

What are some similarities and differences between squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Arises from squamous cells, can metastasize.
Melanoma: Arises from melanocytes, highly aggressive.
Basal Cell Carcinoma: Most common, rarely

29
Q

What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma.

Example sentence: Melanoma has a high risk of metastasis.

30
Q

Why is vitamin D3 so important?

A

Essential for calcium absorption and bone health.

Example sentence: Vitamin D3 deficiency can lead to weakened bones.

31
Q

What are some similarities and differences between squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Arises from squamous cells, can metastasize.
Melanoma: Arises from melanocytes, highly aggressive.
Basal Cell Carcinoma: Most common, rarely metastasizes.

Example sentence: Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer.

32
Q

What is the layer of hard keratin that acts as the surface of the hair?

A

Hair cuticle.

Example sentence: The hair cuticle protects the inner layers of the hair shaft.

33
Q

What are Lanugo hairs? How are they different from vellus and terminal hairs?

A

Fine hair on fetuses, shed before birth. Vellus: thin hair on the body. Terminal: coarse hair on scalp/face after puberty.

Example sentence: Lanugo hairs are temporary and shed before birth.

34
Q

Why is the papilla of a hair follicle important?

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves, supplying nutrients to growing hair.

Example sentence: The papilla plays a crucial role in hair growth.

35
Q

Which muscle contractions are responsible for ‘goose bumps’?

A

Arrector pili muscles.

Example sentence: Goose bumps are caused by the contraction of arrector pili muscles.

36
Q

What is the name of the network of sensory nerves that surrounds the base of each hair follicle?

A

Hair follicle receptors.

Example sentence: Hair follicle receptors help in detecting changes in the environment.

37
Q

What is dandruff?

A

Flaking of the scalp due to excessive shedding of dead skin cells.

Example sentence: Dandruff can be caused by dry scalp or fungal infections.

38
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands vs. apocrine, merocrine, ceruminous, and exocrine glands?

A

Sebaceous: Produce oil (sebum).
Apocrine: Thicker sweat in specific areas.
Merocrine: Watery sweat for thermoregulation.
Ceruminous: Earwax production.
Exocrine: Secrete substances through ducts.

Example sentence: Sebaceous glands help in lubricating the skin and hair.

39
Q

Where are each of the above-mentioned glands found?

A

Sebaceous: Associated with hair follicles.
Apocrine: In armpits/groin.
Merocrine: Distributed throughout the body.
Ceruminous: Ear canal.

Example sentence: Apocrine glands are found in areas with high hair follicle density.

40
Q

Where can the highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands be found?

A

Palms and soles.

Example sentence: The palms and soles have a high density of merocrine sweat glands.

41
Q

Where does nail production occur? What is the nail body vs. nail bed?

A

Nail production occurs in the nail matrix. Nail body: visible part; nail bed: underlying skin.

Example sentence: The nail matrix is responsible for nail growth.

42
Q

Eponychium vs. hyponychium vs. peronychium.

A

Eponychium: Cuticle covering the base of the nail.
Hyponychium: Skin beneath the free edge.
Peronychium: Skin around the sides of the nail.

Example sentence: Proper nail care involves maintaining the eponychium and hyponychium.

43
Q

Abrasion vs. laceration vs. puncture vs. incision vs. contusion.

A

Abrasion: Scrape of the skin.
Laceration: Deep cut or tear.
Puncture: Small hole from a sharp object.
Incision: Clean cut, often surgical.
Contusion: Bruise from blunt trauma.

Example sentence: Different types of wounds require specific treatments.

44
Q

How do fibroblasts assist in repairing a penetrating wound in the dermis?

A

They produce collagen and extracellular matrix to help heal the wound.

Example sentence: Fibroblasts play a key role in tissue repair and wound healing.

45
Q

Which type of burn may require a skin graft?

A

Third-degree burns.

Example sentence: Third-degree burns can cause extensive damage to the skin.

46
Q

How can skin still regenerate effectively after considerable damage?

A

Stem cells in the epidermis and dermis facilitate regeneration after injury.

Example sentence: Skin regeneration is a natural process that helps in healing wounds.

47
Q

What is scar tissue vs. granulation tissue?

A

Scar Tissue: Dense fibrous tissue replacing normal tissue after healing.
Granulation Tissue: New connective tissue and tiny blood vessels forming during healing.

Example sentence: Scar tissue can be a result of improper wound healing.

48
Q

Which bacterial infection is often fatal?

A

Example answer: Necrotizing fasciitis.

Example sentence: Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe bacterial infection that can be life-threatening.

Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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