Chapter 8 Flashcards
What bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?
Clavicles, scapulae, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges, coxal bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges
These bones form the limbs and girdles of the human body.
What are the S-shaped bones that articulate lateral to the jugular notch?
Clavicles
Also known as collarbones.
The medial end of the clavicle is also known as?
Sternal end
This end articulates with the sternum.
What is the term for the articulation of the clavicles with the sternum?
Sternoclavicular joint
This joint connects the clavicle to the sternum.
What is the term for the articulation of the clavicles with the scapulae?
Acromioclavicular joint
This joint connects the clavicle to the scapula.
The acromion is continuous with a prominent ridge of bone on the posterior surface of the scapula known as the?
Spine of the scapula
This ridge runs along the posterior surface of the scapula.
The anterior surface of the scapula is smooth and concave. The name of the concave depression is?
Subscapular fossa
This depression is located on the anterior surface of the scapula.
The scapula is roughly triangular. What are the correct terms for the borders?
Superior border, medial (vertebral) border, lateral (axillary) border
These borders define the shape of the scapula.
Where is the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton?
Sternoclavicular joint
This joint connects the clavicle to the sternum, linking the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton.
Where does the clavicle articulate?
Sternum and scapula
The clavicle articulates with the sternum medially and the scapula laterally.
What constitutes the pectoral girdle?
Clavicles and scapulae
The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicles and scapulae.
Where can you find the jugular notch?
Superior border of the manubrium
This notch is located on the superior border of the manubrium of the sternum.
What is the most commonly fractured in a fall?
Clavicle
Due to its location and structure, the clavicle is commonly fractured in falls.
What are girdles?
Bony structures that attach limbs to the axial skeleton
Girdles provide support and attachment points for the limbs.
What is the depression on the posterior surface at the distal end of the humerus called?
Olecranon fossa
This depression accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during elbow flexion.
The ulnar nerve is exposed when it crosses the posterior surface of what process?
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
The ulnar nerve is vulnerable when it crosses this bony process.
What process does the deltoid muscle attach to?
Deltoid tuberosity
This bony prominence serves as the attachment site for the deltoid muscle.
Where are styloid processes?
Distal ends of the radius and ulna
These processes provide attachment points for ligaments and tendons.
Which processes are found on the ulna?
Olecranon process, coronoid process
These processes are important for elbow function and stability.
deltoid tuberosity vs radial tuberosity vs brachial tuberosity.
Deltoid tuberosity: Humerus, Radial tuberosity: Radius, Brachial tuberosity: Ulna
These tuberosities are specific to different bones of the upper limb.
What are the four proximal carpal bones?
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
These bones form the proximal row of carpal bones in the wrist.
Which ligament bounds the radius and ulna together?
Interosseous membrane
This membrane stabilizes and connects the radius and ulna in the forearm.
Where is the trochlea located?
Medial condyle of the humerus
The trochlea is a bony structure on the humerus that articulates with the ulna.
What is the antebrachium? What is it comprised of?
Forearm, Radius and ulna
The antebrachium refers to the region between the elbow and the wrist and includes the radius and ulna.
What does the condyle of the humerus consist of?
Medial and lateral condyles
These rounded bony projections articulate with the radius and ulna.
What surface features are found on the radius?
Radial styloid process, radial tuberosity
These features provide attachment points for ligaments and muscles.
How many carpal bones are in the wrist? which form how many rows of bones?
8 carpal bones, 2 rows
The wrist contains 8 carpal bones arranged in 2 rows.
Which bones form the fingers?
Phalanges
Phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers.
Which bones give the hand a wide range of motion?
Carpal bones
The carpal bones provide flexibility and mobility to the hand.
The head of the radius articulates with the?
Capitulum of the humerus
This articulation allows for rotation of the forearm.
How many bones are in the wrist vs the palm? What are they called?
8 carpal bones in the wrist, 5 metacarpal bones in the palm
The wrist contains carpal bones while the palm contains metacarpal bones.
What is an upper limb bone?
Humerus, radius, ulna
These bones form the upper limb of the human body.
What process of the radius helps stabilize the wrist joint?
Styloid process
The styloid process provides stability and support to the wrist joint.
What bones make up the pelvis?
Ilium, ischium, pubis
These bones fuse together to form the pelvic girdle.
What bone articulates with the coxal bone at the acetabulum?
Femur
The femur articulates with the coxal bone at the acetabulum of the hip.
When seated, the weight of the body is borne by?
Ischial tuberosities
These bony prominences support the weight of the body when seated.
Where do the two pubic bones join medially?
Pubic symphysis
This joint connects the two pubic bones in the front of the pelvis.
What is the smooth articular surface of the acetabulum called?
Acetabular labrum
This structure enhances the stability of the hip joint.
What is the bony edge of the true pelvis consisting of the ilium and pubis called?
Arcuate line
This bony ridge marks the boundary of the true pelvis.
What is the pelvic inlet?
Superior opening of the pelvis
This opening allows for the passage of the baby during childbirth.
What is the largest component of the coxal bone?
Ilium
The ilium is the largest and most superior component of the coxal bone.
How do male pelvic outlet’s compare to woman’s pelvic outlet?
Male pelvic outlet is narrower and smaller
This difference is important for childbirth.
The sacrum articulates with the?
Ilium
The sacrum forms a joint with the ilium to complete the pelvic girdle.
The ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse into a single bone called.
Coxal bone
These three bones fuse during development to form the coxal bone.
Which surface feature(s) along the ilium mark(s) attachment sites for large hip muscles?
Iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine
These bony landmarks serve as attachment points for hip muscles.
The greater sciatic notch is a feature on the?
Ilium
This notch is located on the ilium and allows for passage of nerves and blood vessels.
The pelvic organs are mostly found within the?
True pelvis
The true pelvis contains the pelvic organs including the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
What are the different types of hip fractures?
Intracapsular and extracapsular
These fractures can occur within or outside the hip joint capsule.
The ridge of bone that separates the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia is called?
Intercondylar eminence
This ridge provides stability to the knee joint.
What is the patella?
Kneecap
The patella is a sesamoid bone located in front of the knee joint.
Which lower leg bone does not carry any body weight?
Fibula
The fibula provides muscle attachment and lateral stability but does not bear body weight.
What is the longest and heaviest bone in the body?
Femur
The femur is the thigh bone and supports the body’s weight during standing and walking.
What is the calcaneus?
Heel bone
The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone and forms the heel of the foot.
What does the distal end of the tibia articulate with?
Talus
The talus bone sits on top of the calcaneus and articulates with the distal end of the tibia.
What are the tarsal bones?
Bones of the ankle
These bones form the ankle joint and provide support for the foot.
The part of the tibia that is easily felt through the skin and is known as the shin is the?
Tibia
The tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
Where is the linea aspera located?
Posterior surface of the femur
This ridge runs along the back of the femur and serves as an attachment site for muscles.
The lateral malleolus is found on the? Vs the medial malleolus?
Fibula, Tibia
The lateral malleolus is the bony prominence on the fibula, while the medial malleolus is on the tibia.
How many bones does the tarsus contain?
7 bones
The tarsus is made up of 7 bones that form the ankle and heel.
The weight of the body is supported by the?
Talus and calcaneus
These bones bear the weight of the body when standing.
The talus articulates with the?
Tibia and fibula
These bones form the ankle joint and allow for movement of the foot.
What feature of the foot helps distribute body weight.
Longitudinal arches
These arches help distribute body weight evenly across the foot.
When standing normally, most of your weight is transmitted to the ground by the
Talus
The talus bone transmits the body’s weight to the ground through the foot.
The clearest distinction between a male and female skeleton is seen in the characteristics of the?
Pelvis
The pelvis shows distinct differences between male and female skeletons due to reproductive function.
What kind of age-related changes occur in the skeleton?
Bone loss, decreased bone density, osteoarthritis
Aging leads to changes in bone structure and density, increasing the risk of conditions like osteoarthritis.
