Chapter 9 Flashcards
Structural Classification of Joints
Joints can be classified into three main types based on their structure: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
Types of Synarthrosis
Immovable joints (e.g., sutures in the skull).
Types of Diarthrosis
Freely movable joints (e.g., shoulder, knee).
Types of Syndesmosis
Slightly movable joints (e.g., tibiofibular joint).
Types of Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable joints (e.g., pubic symphysis).
Types of Synostosis
Fused joints (e.g., fusion of certain cranial bones).
Example of a Synchondrosis
The articulation of the first rib with the sternum.
Example sentence.
Intervertebral Disc Joint Classification
This joint is classified as a symphysis.
Four Major Types of Synarthrotic Joints
Sutures, gomphoses, synchondroses, and synostoses.
Pubic Symphysis Classification
Structurally, it is classified as a cartilaginous joint (symphysis).
Damaged Articular Cartilage
It can lead to pain and reduced movement; the surface can become rough or uneven.
Functions of Synovial Fluid
Lubrication, nourishment, shock absorption. Synovial joints are characterized by a joint capsule, articular cartilage, and a synovial membrane.
Bursae
Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between tissues, commonly found around joints like the shoulder and knee.
Accessory Synovial Structure
Examples include menisci and bursae.
Functions of Fat Pads
Provide cushioning and fill spaces in joints.
Functions of Menisci
C-shaped cartilage structures that improve fit between bones in a joint, enhancing stability.
Definition of Fracture
A break in a bone.
Definition of Bunion
A bony bump on the joint of the big toe.
Definition of Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa.
Definition of Dislocation
Displacement of a bone from its joint.
Definition of Sprain
Stretching or tearing of ligaments.
Intracapsular vs. Extracapsular Ligament
Intracapsular ligaments are located within the joint capsule (e.g., ACL), while extracapsular ligaments are located outside the capsule (e.g., LCL).
Stabilizing Factors of Synovial Joints
Ligaments, tendons, muscle tone, and the shape of articulating surfaces.
Types of Condylar Joint
Example: Metacarpophalangeal joint.
Types of Hinge Joint
Example: Elbow.
Types of Saddle Joint
Example: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
Types of Monaxial Joint
Example: Hinge joint.
Types of Gliding Joint
Example: Intercarpal joints.
Types of Pivot Joint
Example: Atlantoaxial joint.
Types of Ball-and-Socket Joint
Example: Shoulder.
Ankle Extension
Also called dorsiflexion.
Definition of Pronation
A rotational movement of the forearm or foot where the palm or sole faces down or backward.
Pinching Movement
This involves opposition.
Definition of Flexion
Decreasing the angle between body parts (e.g., bending the elbow).
Definition of Eversion
Turning the sole outward.
Definition of Supination
Rotating the forearm to face up.
Definition of Hyperextension
Extending beyond the normal range (e.g., bending the back backward).
Definition of Abduction
Moving away from the midline (e.g., lifting arms sideways).
Definition of Depression
Lowering a body part (e.g., dropping shoulders).
Definition of Elevation
Raising a body part (e.g., shrugging shoulders).
Definition of Extension
Increasing the angle (e.g., straightening the knee).
Definition of Triaxial Articulation
A joint that allows movement along three axes (e.g., ball-and-socket joint).
Definition of Internal Rotation
Rotating limb toward the anterior surface.
Definition of External Rotation
Rotating limb outward.
Atlantoaxial Joint Classification
Considered a pivot joint.
Example of Protraction
Moving the jaw forward.
Permitted Movements at Synovial Joints
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and gliding. Types of synovial joints include hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, saddle, and more.
Movements at Intervertebral Joints
Flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion.
Gelatinous Core of Intervertebral Disc
Nucleus pulposus.
Fibrocartilage Outer Layer of Intervertebral Disc
Annulus fibrosus.
Ligament - Flava Ligament
Connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae.
Ligament - Supraspinous Ligament
Connects the tips of the spinous processes.
Ligament - Interspinous Ligament
Connects adjacent spinous processes.
Ligament - Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Runs along the anterior vertebral bodies.
Ligament - Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Runs along the posterior vertebral bodies.
Elbow Joint Stability
Its bony structure and surrounding ligaments provide strong support.
Contraction of Muscle Attached to Radial Tuberosity
Results in forearm flexion.
Largest and Strongest Articulation at the Elbow
Hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna.
Ligament Supporting Front of Knee
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).
Ligament Supporting Front of Knee
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Example sentence: The ACL helps stabilize the knee during physical activities.
Functions of Menisci in Knee Joint
Provide cushioning, stability, and distribute load
Additional information: The menisci are crucial for absorbing shock and preventing friction in the knee joint.
Major Ligaments Stabilizing Knee Joint
Four: ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL
Commonly known as the cruciate ligaments and collateral ligaments.
Ligaments Associated with Hip Joint
Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments
These ligaments contribute to the stability and range of motion of the hip joint.
Factors Increasing Stability of Hip Joint
Deep socket (acetabulum), strong ligaments, and surrounding muscles
The combination of these factors ensures the hip joint’s stability and functionality.
Most Common Joint Inflammation
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis are less common types of joint inflammation.
