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Anatomy & Physiology > Bones & Bone Structure > Flashcards

Bones & Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.

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2
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons.

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3
Q

What is the shaft of long bones called?

A

Diaphysis.

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4
Q

What is the difference between trochlea, tuberosity, and trochanter?

A

Trochlea: Smooth, grooved articular surface.
Tuberosity: Large, rounded projection for muscle/ligament attachment.
Trochanter: Large, blunt projection (e.g., on the femur).

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5
Q

What is a sinus? What is a foramen? What is a fossa?

A

Sinus: Cavity within a bone.
Foramen: Opening in a bone for nerves/vessels.
Fossa: Shallow depression in a bone.

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6
Q

What is the expanded articular end of an epiphysis called?

A

Capitulum or Head.

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7
Q

How many major bones are contained in an adult skeleton?

A

206 bones.

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8
Q

Which bones are classified as ‘irregular,’ ‘short,’ ‘flat,’ ‘sesamoid,’ and ‘long’?

A

Irregular: Vertebrae, facial bones.
Short: Carpals, tarsals.
Flat: Skull bones, ribs.
Sesamoid: Patella.
Long: Femur, humerus.

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9
Q

What are epiphyses, diaphysis, and metaphysis?

A

Epiphyses: Ends of long bones.
Diaphysis: Shaft of long bones.
Metaphysis: Area between epiphysis and diaphysis.

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10
Q

What are the small bones that fill gaps between skull bones called?

A

Wormian bones (sutural bones).

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11
Q

What is a condyle? What are canaliculi?

A

Condyle: Rounded articular surface.
Canaliculi: Tiny channels connecting lacunae in bone.

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12
Q

What is the primary function of osteocytes? How are they produced and where are they found?

A

Maintain bone tissue; produced from osteoblasts; found in lacunae.

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13
Q

What are the primary functions of osteoclasts and how are they produced?

A

Bone resorption; formed from monocytes/macrophages.

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14
Q

What are the primary functions of osteoblasts and how are they produced?

A

Bone formation; derived from osteogenic cells.

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15
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

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16
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in bone?

A

Osteocytes.

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17
Q

What are protein-crystal interactions?

A

Interactions between proteins and mineral crystals that provide strength to bone.

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18
Q

Which cartilage prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

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19
Q

Which cells secrete protein fibers in bone?

A

Osteoblasts.

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20
Q

Which layer of bone is interwoven with tendons?

A

Periosteum.

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21
Q

What are perforating fibers, and where can you find them?

A

Fibers that attach tendons/ligaments to bone; found in the periosteum.

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22
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Small, needle-like pieces of bone forming the internal structure of spongy bone.

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23
Q

What type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses from many directions?

A

Spongy bone.

24
Q

What are the structural units of mature compact bone?

A

Osteons (Haversian systems).

25
Q

How much weight can the femur withstand without breaking?

A

About 1,800 pounds.

26
Q

Which bone reduces the weight of the skeleton?

A

The rib cage (and certain long bones, like the femur).

27
Q

Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as?

A

Volkmann’s canals.

28
Q

Which fibers are stronger than steel when stretched?

A

Collagen fibers.

29
Q

What is the superficial membrane of a bone called?

A

Periosteum.

30
Q

What is the process of ossification?

A

The process by which bone forms from cartilage or other connective tissues.

31
Q

Are there different types of ossification? What are their functions?

A

Yes, intramembranous (for flat bones) and endochondral (for long bones).

32
Q

What is the process of calcification?

A

The deposition of calcium salts in tissues, leading to hardening.

33
Q

Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of?

A

Chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate.

34
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Growth in width due to the addition of new bone tissue on the surface.

35
Q

What indicates when the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone?

A

Growth has completed; the person has reached maturity.

36
Q

How often is protein and mineral content replaced in normal adult bones?

A

Every 10 years.

37
Q

What is the process of remodeling?

A

The continuous process of bone resorption and formation.

38
Q

How does a lack of exercise affect bones?

A

Leads to decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures.

39
Q

What indicates when the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone?

A

Growth has completed; the person has reached maturity.

Example sentence: The closure of the epiphyseal plate is a sign that growth has completed.

40
Q

How often is protein and mineral content replaced in normal adult bones?

A

Every 10 years.

Example sentence: Normal bone remodeling occurs every 10 years.

41
Q

What is the process of remodeling?

A

The continuous process of bone resorption and formation.

Example sentence: Remodeling helps maintain bone strength and structure.

42
Q

How does a lack of exercise affect bones?

A

Leads to decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures.

Example sentence: Sedentary lifestyle can result in weaker bones.

43
Q

What happens when stress is applied to a bone?

A

Bone adapts by increasing density and strength.

Example sentence: Weight-bearing exercises promote bone adaptation.

44
Q

How does gigantism occur?

A

Excess growth hormone during childhood leads to excessive growth.

Example sentence: Gigantism is caused by overproduction of growth hormone.

45
Q

What factors are necessary for proper bone formation?

A

Adequate calcium, vitamin D, and mechanical stress.

Example sentence: Proper nutrition and physical activity support bone formation.

46
Q

Of the total inorganic components in bone, calcium accounts for what percent?

A

Approximately 40-70%.

Example sentence: Calcium is a major component of bone structure.

47
Q

Of the total organic components in bone, most of it is?

A

Collagen.

Example sentence: Collagen provides flexibility and strength to bones.

48
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?

A

Calcium.

Example sentence: Calcium is essential for bone health and muscle function.

49
Q

What is the role of the hormone calcitonin?

A

Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

Example sentence: Calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

50
Q

What is scurvy, and how can it be prevented?

A

Vitamin C deficiency leading to weakened collagen; prevent by ensuring adequate vitamin C intake.

Example sentence: Scurvy can be prevented by consuming foods rich in vitamin C.

51
Q

How is vitamin D related to calcium homeostasis in bone?

A

It promotes calcium absorption in the intestines.

Example sentence: Vitamin D aids in the absorption of calcium for bone health.

52
Q

How do external calluses form?

A

They form during the healing process of a fracture to stabilize the bone.

Example sentence: Calluses form to support bone healing and stability.

53
Q

What is a fracture? Define simple, compound, comminuted, compression, Pott’s, Colles, spiral, transverse, and greenstick fractures.

A

Fracture: Break in a bone.
Simple: Bone breaks cleanly, no skin puncture.
Compound: Bone breaks and pierces skin.
Comminuted: Bone shatters into multiple pieces.
Compression: Bone is crushed.
Pott’s: Ankle fracture.
Colles: Wrist fracture from falling on an outstretched hand.
Spiral: Twisting injury causes a fracture.
Transverse: Straight across the bone.
Greenstick: Incomplete fracture, common in children.

Example sentence: Fractures can vary in severity and type, affecting treatment and healing.

54
Q

What effects does aging have on the skeletal system?

A

Decreased bone density, increased risk of fractures, slower healing.

Example sentence: Aging can weaken bones and reduce their ability to heal.

55
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta vs. osteoporosis vs. osteomalacia vs. osteodysplasia vs. osteopenia.

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Genetic disorder causing brittle bones.
Osteoporosis: Decreased bone density leading to fragility.
Osteomalacia: Softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency.
Osteodysplasia: Abnormal bone development.
Osteopenia: Lower than normal bone density, precursor to osteoporosis.

Example sentence: These conditions affect bone health and strength in different ways.

Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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