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Anatomy & Physiology > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protection
Excretion (eliminating or expelling waste)
Cutaneous sensation (a sensation (as of warmth, cold, contact, or pain) aroused by stimulation of end organs in the skin)
Vitamin D synthesis
Blood reservoir
Thermoregulation

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2
Q

Name the two layers of the skin?

A

dermis and epidermis

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3
Q

What is the hypodermis? Where is it located?

A

Lies deep to the dermis (third and final layer)

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4
Q

What are the primary tissue types in the hypodermis?

A

areolar and adipose CT

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5
Q

Describe the 3 function(s) of the hypodermis.

A
  1. Anchors the skin to underlying organs
  2. Acts as a shock absorber and insulates the deeper body tissues
  3. Contains the major blood vessels that supply the skin
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6
Q

What 4 types of cells are found in the epidermis and what are their functions? Which of these is the primary cell type?

A

keratinocytes (primary cells) - produce keratin
melanocytes - produce melanin
langerhans cells - protect against bacterial invasion
Merkel cells - sensory receptors for touch

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7
Q

What is the function of keratin? melanin?

A

Keratin - helps forms hair, nails and the outer layer of the skin , water resistant

melanin- skin pigmentation can either be brown-black or pink-red
UV ray protection

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8
Q

What are the fiver layers of the epidermis?

A

From top to bottom (deep to superficial, they all start with STRATUM)

Stratum BASALE 
Stratum SPINOSUM
Stratum GRANULOSUM 
Stratum LUCIDUM (only in thick skin)
Stratum CORNEUM
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9
Q

How do the five layers of the epidermis differ in function & appearance?

A

Stratum BASALE - where the cells divide and the daughter cell gets pushed in to the cell layer above to begin its specialization into mature keratinocyte

Stratum SPINOSUM - (contains thick bundles of intermediate filaments which consist of tension-resisting protein (pre-keratin) last layer that mitosis occurs

Stratum GRANULOSUM- makes granules : the process of keratinization begins (in which the cells fill with keratin) , lamella granules (contain glycolipds that slow water loss across the epidermis.)

Stratum LUCIDUM (only in thick skin)- Consists of few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes.

Stratum CORNEUM - Keratin the the plasma membrane protects skin against abrasion and penetration

IN LAME MAN TERMS: the process of making keratin
Stratum BASALE - make new cells
Stratum SPINOSUM - pre-keratin
Stratum GRANULOSUM - keratinization starts
Stratum LUCIDUM (only in thick skin) - dead keratin
Stratum CORNEUM - mature keratin

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10
Q

How do the five layers of the epidermis differ in appearance?

A

Stratum BASALE - single row of stem cells

Stratum SPINOSUM- several cell layers , has spikelike extensions of its keratinocytes unified by desmosomes

Stratum GRANULOSUM - one - five layers ; flattened cells, grainy apprance, their nuclei and organelles begin to disintegrate and they accumulate two types of granules.

Stratum LUCIDUM (only in thick skin)- thin translucent band

Stratum CORNEUM - flattened, anucleate cells , 20 to 30 layers of cells thick (3/4 of the epidermal thickness)

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11
Q

What layer is not present in thin skin?

A

Stratum LUCIDUM

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12
Q

Generally describe the process through which epidermis is renewed and maintained.

A

the whole basale to corner thing

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13
Q

In which layer do cells contain keratohyalin and lamellar granules? What is the
functional significance of each of these granule types?

A

Stratum Granulosum;

keratohyalin granules- the process of keratinization begins (in which the cells fill with keratin)

lamella granules - (contain glycolipds that slow water loss across the epidermis.)

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14
Q

In which epidermal layer do the keratinocytes take on a spiny appearance?

A

Stratum Spinosum

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15
Q

In which epidermal layer do tonofilaments (bundle of intermediate filaments within a cell) first become evident?

A

Stratum Spinosum

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16
Q

Which layer contains most of the melanocytes?

A

Stratum Basale

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17
Q

In which layer do the cells begin to die? Why do they die?

A

Stratum Granulosum ; due to lack of nutrients

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18
Q

In what body areas is thick skin located?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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19
Q

What is the primary tissue type in the dermis? What type of connective tissue fibers
does it contain? What types of cells are commonly found in the dermal layer?

A

Areolar and Adipose ; Elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and collagen fibers ; fibroblasts, macrophages, occasional mast cells and WBC

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20
Q

sac

A

sds

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21
Q

What organs/structures are located in the dermis?

A

The dermis contains nerve endings, sweat glands and oil glands (sebaceous glands), hair follicles, and blood vessels, cleavage lines, dermal papillae

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22
Q

What are the layers of the dermis? Which of these two layers is more superficial?

A

Papillary and Reticular ; Papillary is more superficial

23
Q

Which dermal layer is composed primarily of areolar connective tissue? which of dense
irregular connective tissue?

A

Areolar - Papillary tissue ;

Dense irregular CT - Reticular

24
Q

What is the significance of the dermal papilla? of the epidermal ridges?

A

Dermal papilla - blood vessels in this nourish all hair follicles and bring nutrients and oxygen to the lower layers of the epidermal cells

Epidermal ridges - Enhances our ability to grip certain kinds of surfaces (on plasma of hands and soles of your feet, makes fingerprints)

25
Q

What forms the lines of cleavage?

A

Collagen fibers

26
Q

What is the cause of pressure injuries?

A

Results from loss of or restricted blood flow to the tissue

27
Q

What pigments determine skin color?

A

Melanin - melanocytes

28
Q

How does sunlight affect melanocytes?

A

Causes a substantial melanin buildup which helps protect the DNA of skin cells from UV radiation by absorbing the rays and dissipating the energy as heat.

29
Q

What effects does chronic exposure to UV radiation have on the skin?

A

It causes elastic fibers to climb which results in leathery skin which temporarily depresses the immune system and alters the DNA of skin cells and leads to skin cancer.

30
Q

The inherited condition of albinism is most often associated with an inability to
synthesize what enzyme? What is the direct effect of a deficiency of this enzyme?

A

Tyrosinase ; it catalyzes the first 2 steps of melanin pigmentation biosynthesis

31
Q

Distinguish between the root and shaft of an individual hair.

A

Root - the part embedded in the skin

Shaft - The part that projects above the skins surface

32
Q

Describe the location and function of the hair follicle itself, the papilla and matrix of the follicle, the root hair plexus, and the arector pili muscle.

A

AAA

33
Q

What causes arrector pili contraction?

A

Cold temperatures or fear causes the muscle to pull the hair follicle upright and dimples the skin producing goose bumps

34
Q

What are the two basic types of glands in the integumentary system?

A

Apcrine and Eccrine sweat glands

35
Q

Describe the structure and function of sebaceous glands.

A

Exocrine gland that usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, sebum, into the follicular duct and thence to the surface of the skin.

36
Q

Describe the structure and function of sebaceous glands.

A

Simple branched alveolar glands, found everywhere but plams and soles of feet

Exocrine gland that usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, sebum, into the follicular duct and thence to the surface of the skin.

They become go engorged that they burst (holocrine glands)

37
Q

Describe the composition and functions of sebum.

A

Accumulated lipids and cell fragments

Soften and lubricates hair and skin, prevents hair from becoming brittle, and slows water loss from skin.

38
Q

Where do the ducts of most sebaceous glands terminate?

A

Into their follicle

39
Q

What are the two main types of sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) associated with the skin?

A

Eccrine Sweat Glands & Apocrine Sweat Glands

BOTH COILED TUBULAR SWEAT GLANDS

40
Q

Describe the secretions produced by each of the eccrine and apocrine glands?

A

sweat = 99% water, some salts, traces of metabolic wastes and microbe killing peptide called (dermcidin)

41
Q

To what functional class does eccrine and apocrine glands fall under?

A

exocrine glands

42
Q

Which type of sudoriferous gland secretes into hair follicles? into ducts that open in a pore on the skin’s surface?

A

Apocrine ; Eccrine

43
Q

What are the differences between basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma?

A

Basal cell carcinoma - least malignant and most common, the basal cells proliferate (increase rapidly), invading the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, appear shiny and dome shaped

Squamous cell carcinoma - second most common, arises from the keratinocytes in the Stratum Spinosum, scaly reddened pauple

Melanoma - Most dangerous , 1% of cancers , brown to black patch, metastizes rapidly to surrounding lymph and blood vessels

44
Q

The ABCDE mnemonic is a way to remember the key detection points of melanoma. What does each letter of the mnemonic represent?

A

Asymmetry - the two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match

Border irregularity - The borders of the lesion exhibit indentations

Color- The pigmented spa contains several color (black, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds)

Diameter - spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter (size of pencil eraser)

Evolution (changes with time)

45
Q

What is a burn?

A

a damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all of which kill cells in the affected areas

46
Q

Identify the 3 classes of burns. Describe the general characteristics of each class.

A

first, second, third degree

first - only epidermis is damaged (localized redness, sweating and pain.) two-three days to heal

second - epidermis and upper region of the dermis (red and painful but little to no scarring) three to four weeks healing

third -entire thickness of the skin (appears gray-white, cheery red or blackened, nerve ending destroyed, burned area is not painful) skin grafting is advised.

47
Q

Which of the above class(es) is/are considered partial-thickness? full-thickness?

A

partial - first , second

full - third

48
Q

What are the potential life-threatening systemic effects of severe burns?

A

Infection and sepsis become the main threat become body is exposed , main cause of death (multiply rapidly in dead tissue.)

49
Q

Determine key anatomical areas to assess for a pressure injury.

A

Bony prominences

knees elbow, ear, coxal, tailbone etc

50
Q

Identify patients at risk for pressure injuries.

A

Immobile patients are vulnerable

51
Q

Describe the progressive stages of pressure injuries.

A

Stage 1 - skin is unbroken but inflamed

Stage 2 - Skin is broken to epidermis or dermis

Stage 3- Ulcer extends to subcutaneous fat layer

Stage 4 - Ulcer extends to muscle or bone

52
Q

How does the Braden Scale assess for a pressure injury?

A

The scale is composed of six subscales that reflect sensory perception, skin moisture, activity, mobility, friction and shear, and nutritional status.

everything is on a scale of 1-4 ,

19 to 23 (Not a risk) 
15 to 18 (Mild risk) 
13 to 14 (Moderate risk) 
10 to 12 (High risk) 
9 or lower (Very High Risk)
53
Q

What would you document if you detect a pressure injury?

A

Do describe what you see: type of wound, location, size, stage or depth, color, tissue type, exudate, erythema, condition of periwound. Don’t guess at the type or the stage of a pressure ulcer or injury (hereafter, pressure injury [PI]) or the depth of the wound.

54
Q

In what epidermal layer do you first expect to see significant amounts of keratin (rather than pre-keratin?)

A

STRATUM Granulosum

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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